1.1 Principal Components 主要构成零部件
Today's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment. 现在，一般汽车由大约一万五千多个的零部件组成。这些部件分为四大类，即发动机（引擎系统），车身，底盘和电气设备。
1.2 Engine 发动机/引擎系统
The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also
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called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission. 引擎的作用是动力产生的部件。内燃机引擎最为常见。引擎通过燃烧其汽缸内的液体汽油来获得能量（将汽油的能量转化为动能来驱动汽车）。引擎分为汽油（火花引燃式）发动机和柴油（压燃式）发动机。 这两类发动机都被称为热力机。燃烧的汽油产生热量，促使汽缸内的气体气压增强，从而提供能量以旋转（启动）传输轴。
1.3 Body 车身
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.
汽车车身是由金属薄片壳、车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李舱盖等共同构成。车身为发动机，乘客和货物提供了一个防护罩。车身的设计应该遵循保证乘客安全和舒适的原则。车身的风格使汽车具有了引人注目、彩色的，现代的外立面。
1.4 Chassis 底盘
The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.
底盘由汽车的主要操作系统组装而成。包括传动系、行驶系、转向系和制动系四部分。
Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.
传动系-将驱动力传递到车轮。主要组成部件是离合器、变速箱、传动轴、主减速器和差速器。
Suspension― absorbs the road shocks. 悬挂系-吸收路面震动。
Steering― controls the direction of the movement. 转向系-控制汽车的行驶方向。
Brake― slows down the vehicle. 制动系-使汽车减速缓行。
1.5 Electrical Equipment 电气设备
The electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's
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mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery. 电气设备为汽车点火、喇叭、车灯、发热器和启动器提供电力。通过循环充电来维持电量。
New Words
Principal component 主要部件 category 种类，类型 body 车身 chassis 底盘 layout 布置
power unit 动力装置
internal combustion engine 内燃机 cylinder 汽缸 gasoline 汽油 spark 火花
ignition 点燃，点火 diesel 柴油机
compression 压缩 shaft 轴
transmission 传动系 sheet metal 金属板 shell 外壳
hood （发动机）罩 trunk deck 行李舱盖 cargo 货物 styling 样式
assembly 总成，装配 suspension 悬挂，悬置 shock 冲击
steering 转向，操纵 brake 刹车，制动器 clutch 离合器 gearbox 变速器 driveshaft 传动轴
final drive 主减速器，后桥 differential 差速器
slow down （使）慢下来，减速 horn 喇叭
starter 起动机 charge 充电
alternator 交流发电机 Review Questions
1. List the main parts of an automobile?
2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?
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3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?
4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?
CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 内燃发动机
2.1 principle of operation 发动机的工作原理/操作原理 2.1.1 Engine and power 发动机与能量 Engine is used to produce power. 发动机产生动能。
The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber, the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. 汽油燃料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。这个过程称作燃烧。如果发动机的内燃在燃料室中发上，发动机被称作内燃发动机。如果内燃发生在汽缸外，发动机则被称作外燃发动机。
Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. 汽车的发动机是内燃发动机。
Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内燃其他温度升高。气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于活塞头产生可用的机械动力，随后转变成为有用的机械动能。 2.1.2 Engine Terms 发动机术语
Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.
连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来，这种连接促使气体
The power stroke “uses up” the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :
TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. 上止点
BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. 下止点
Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. 冲程
Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. 内孔（汽缸的内直径） Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 活塞排量
Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. 发动
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机容积
Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. 汽缸余隙容积
Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\\(clearance vol) 压缩率
Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. 二冲程–曲柄旋转一圈作功一次。
Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank.四冲程-曲柄旋转两圈作功一次。
2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle
The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy. The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. The operating strokes are :
This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created.
During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.
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Compression stroke
As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.
Power stroke
Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.
The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.
Exhaust stroke
Just before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.
Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately. 2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics
The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.
NEW WORD
Piston 活塞 Connecting rod 连杆 Crankshaft 曲轴
Power stoke 活塞行程 Expel 排出 Valve 气阀 inlet(intake) valve 进气阀 exhaust valve 排气阀 term 术语
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TDC 上止点 BDC 下止点 Bore 缸径
swept volume 有效容积 engine capacity 发动机排量
clearance volume 余隙容积,燃烧室容积 compression ratio 压缩比 revolution 旋转,转数 every other 每隔一个 cycle 循环
spread over 分布,遍及
intake stroke 进气行程 compression stroke 压缩行程 knock 敲缸,敲打 exhaust stroke 排气行程 engine block 发动机缸体 lubrication 润滑
2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder Head 2.2.1 Engine Block
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.
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2.2.2 Cylinder Head
The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.
2.2.3 Gasket
The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.
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2.2.4 Oil Pan or Sump
The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.
New Words
engine block 缸体 cylinder head 气缸盖 fasten 使固定
water jacket 水套 oil gallery 油道 camshaft 凸轮轴
overhead-cam(OHC) 顶置凸轮 gray iron 灰铸铁 alloy 合金 nickel 镍
chromium 铬 casting 铸件
head cover 汽缸盖罩
intake manifold 进气总管 distributor 分电器 oil pan 油底壳 aluminum 铝
be lined with 镶有
cylinder sleeve 气缸套 hemi 半球形
wedge 楔型，楔入
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semi-hemi 准半球形 rocker 摇臂 push-rod 推杆 gasket 衬垫
high-tensile 高强度的 stud 螺栓
gas-tight 密封的 asbestos 石棉
crankcase 曲轴箱，曲柄箱 encase 封闭，把…包起来 drain off 排出，流出
Review Question
1. What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for? 2. How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio? 3. What controls the length of the stroke?
4. List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics? 5. What are the main function of the engine block?
2.3 Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft 2.3.1 Piston Assembly
The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.
The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly. 2.3.2.Piston
To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.
The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.
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2.3.3Piston Rings
As Fig.2-9 shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In
simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons.
In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.
During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.
2.3.4 Piston Pin
The piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top
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end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.
2.3.3 Connecting rod
The connecting rod is made of forged high-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .
2.3.5 Crankshaft
The crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .
The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the main journal and the big end centers , controls the length of the stroke . The stroke is double the throw , and the stroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .
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2.3.6 Flywheel
The flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft . As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch , which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .
New Words
Comprise 由。。。。。。。组成，包含 Inter 惯性，惯量 Radius 半径，范围 Circular 圆形的 Steel band 钢圈 Fit into 放入，放进 Groove 凹槽
Piston pin 活塞销 Pin boss 活塞销凸台 Withstand 抵抗 Hollow 空的 Brunt 冲力 Crown 活塞顶 Skirt 裙部 Ring land 环带
Concave 凹的，凹入的
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Dome 圆顶
Recessed 隐蔽的 Cylinder wall 气缸壁 Cylinder bore 缸筒 Splash 飞溅
chrome-face 表面镀银的 Untwist 朝相反方向的 In place 在适当位置 Chrome-plated 镀铬的 Forge 伪造，仿造 Crankpin 曲轴销 Bush 轴瓦，套筒 Bronze 青铜
Crankshaft journal 曲轴轴颈 Steel-backed 钢背的 Lead 铅 Tin 锡
Splint 切口，中断，分配，分离 In conjunction with 连同
Reciprocating motion 往复运动 Rotary 旋转的 Carbon steel 碳钢 Journal 轴颈 Align with 匹配 Overlap 重叠
Timing gear 正时齿轮 Throw 摆幅
Vice verse 反之亦然 Impulse 脉冲
Space out 隔开，分隔 Through out 遍及 Diagram 图表
Firing order 点火顺序 Companion 成对 Circumference 圆周 2.4 Valve System
The valve system is made up of those parts needed to open and close the valves at just the right time .
2.4.1 Valve Operation
To coordinate the four-stroke cycle , a group parts called the valve train opens and closes the valves ( moves them down and up , respectively ) . These valve movements must take place at exactly the right moments . The opening of each valve is controlled by a camshaft .
1. Camshaft(OHC) Valve Train Overhead
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The cam is an egg-shaped piece of metal on a shaft that rotates in coordination with the crankshaft . The metal shaft , called the camshaft , typically has individual cams for each valve in the engine . As the camshaft rotates , the lobe , or high spot of the cam , pushes against parts connected to the stem of the valve . This action forces the valve to move downward . This action could open an inlet valve , or open an exhaust valve for an exhaust stroke .
As the camshaft continues to rotate , the high spot moves away from the valve mechanism . As this occurs , valve spring pull the valve tightly closed against its opening , called the valve seat .
Valve in modern car engines are located in the cylinder head at the top the engine . This is known as an overhead valve (OHC) configuration . In addition , when the camshaft is located over the cylinder head , the arrangement is known as overhead camshaft (OHC) design . Some high-performance engine have two separate camshafts , one for each set of inlet and exhaust valves . These engines are known as overhead-camshaft (DHOC) engine .
2. Push-rod Valve Train
The camshaft also can be located in the lower part of the engine , within the
engine block . To transfer the motion of the cam upward to the valve , additional parts are needs .
In this arrangement , the cam lobs push against round metal cylinders called
follower upward ( away from the camshaft ) . The cam follower rides against a push rod , which pushes against a rocker arm . The rocker arm pivots on a shaft through its center . As one side of the rocker arm moves up , the other side moves down , just like a seesaw . The downward-moving side of the rocker arm pushes on the valve stem to open the valve .
Because a push-rod valve train has additional parts , it is more difficult to
run at high speeds . Push-rod engines typically run at slower speeds and , consequently , produce less horsepower than overhead-camshaft designs of equal size . ( Remember , power is the rate at which work is done .) 2.4.2 Valve Clearance
When the engine runs in compression stroke and power stroke , the valves
must close tightly on their seats to produce a gas-tight seal and thus prevent the gases escaping from the combustion chamber . If the valves do not close fully the engine will not develop fill power . Also the valve heads will be liable to be brunt by the passing hot gases , and there is the likelihood of crown touching an open valve , which can seriously damage the engine .
So that the valves can close fully some clearance is needed in the operating
mechanism . This means that the operating mechanism must be able to move sufficiently far enough away from the valve t allow the valves to be fully closed against its seat by the valve spring . However , if the clearance is set too great this will cause a light metallic taping noise . 2.4.3 Valve Timing
The time at which valves open and close ( valve timing ) and the duration of the valve opening in stated in degrees of crankshaft rotation . For example , the intake
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valve normally begins to open just before the piston has reached the top dead center . The valve remains open as the piston travels down to BDC and even past BDC . This is intake valve duration .An example of this could be stated as follows : IO at 17BTDC , IC at 51ABDC ( or , intake opens 17before top dead center , intake closes 51after bottom dead center ) . Intake valve duration in this case is 248 of crankshaft rotation .
This leaves 129 duration for the compression stroke since compression ends when the piston reaches TDC . At this point the power stroke begins . The power stroke ends when the exhaust valve begins to open approximately at 51 before bottom dead center . The duration of the power stroke in this case is also 129 .
Since the exhaust valve is opening at 51 BBDC , this begins the exhaust stroke . The exhaust stroke continues as the piston passes BDC and moves upward to past TDC . With the exhaust valve closing at 17 TTDC , the duration of the exhaust stroke is 248 .
It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open . In other words , the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke overlap for a short period of time . This is called valve overlap . Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines.
Opening the intake valve before TDC and closing it after BDC increase the fill of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder . Opening the intake valve early helps overcome the static inertia of the air-fuel mixture at the beginning of the intake stroke , while leaving the intake valve open after BDC takes advantage of the kentia of the moving air-fuel mixture . This increase volumetric efficiency .
As the piston moves down on the power stroke past the 90 ATDC position , pressure in the cylinder has dropped , and the leverage to the crankshaft has decreased due to connecting rod angle and crankshaft position . This ends the effective length of the power stroke , and the exhaust valve can now be opened to begin expelling the burned gases . The exhaust valve remains open until the piston has moved up past the TDC position . This helps to remove as much of the burned gases as is possible and increase volumetric efficiency .
2.4.4 Cam Design and Control Dynamics
The function of the cam is to open and close the valves as far as possible , as
fast as possible and as smoothly as possible . The closing force for the valves is applied by the valve spring which also maintain contact between the cam and the valves . Dynamic force impose limits on cam and valve lift .
The entire valve-train assembly can be view as a spring \\mass system in which
the conversion from stored to free energy causes force vibration . Valve-train assemblies with overhead camshafts can be represented with sufficient accuracy by a 1-mass system ( consisting of the moving mass , the valve-train assembly stiffness and corresponding damping ) .
For system with valve bottom-mounted camshaft and push rods , a 2-mass
system is being increasingly used .
The maximum permissible contact stress , usually regarded as the parameter
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which limits cam-lobe radius and the rate of opening on the flank , currently lies between 600-700Mpa depending upon the material parings used . 2.4.5 Camshaft Drive Mechanism
Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft . Therefore, the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft . This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio .A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. The gears are linked in one of three ways:
1.Belt Drive
A cog-type belt can be used .Such belts are made of synthetic rubber and reinforced with internal steel or fiberglass strands. The belts have teeth ,or slotted spaces to engage and drive teeth on gear wheels. A belt typically is used on engines with overhead-cam valve trains. 2.Chain Drive
On some engines, a metal chain is used to connect the crankshaft and camshaft gears. Most push-rod engines and some OHC engines have chains. 3.Gear Drive
The camshaft and crankshaft gears can be connected directly, or meshed. This type of operating linkage commonly is used on older six-cylinder, inline engines. A camshaft driven by a chain or belt turns in the same direction as the crankshaft . But a Camshaft driven directly by the crankshaft gear turns in the opposite direction. Timing belts are used because they cost less than chains and operate more quietly. A typical timing belt is made of neoprene (synthetic rubber) reinforced with fiberglass.
2.4.6 Electronic Valve Control System
An electronic value control (EVC) system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each value with actuators for independent value timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each value. Changing from a mechanical camshaft driven value into independently controlled actuator valves provides a huge amount of flexibility in engine control strategy. Vehicles utilizing EVC can realize several benefits including:
1) increases engine power and fuel economy,
2) allows centralized and distributed EVC systems to perform at their full potential,
3) adapts to engines of varied cylinder counts.
With all of the improved efficiencies and consumer benefits, auto manufacturers are eager to get their first EVC systems on the road. The EVC system is targeted to operate in temperatures up to 125, while the actuator is targeted to run up to 6000 r/min. The actuator can be controlled in a centralized system with a high-speed multiplex bus (up to 10Mbps) or in a distributed system with a nominal speed bus.
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EVC systems must be compact in size, specifically the actuators that must be small enough to fit in the engine space. A vehicle that uses a 42V system is ideal for EVC because it requires high voltage to control the value actuators, and EVC is targeted for V8 and V12 engines. The EVC system is also highly flexible, allowing adaptability for a number of cylinder engines. New Words coordinate 协调
valve train 气阀传动
respectively 分别的，各自的 overhead camshaft guide tappet valve insert cotter opening lobe spot stem dual cam follower seesaw value clearance gas-tight seal liable to likelihood tapping valve timing intake valve exhaust valve static kinetic volumetric leverage offset dynamics valve lift valve…as… parameter radius flank pairing correspond with gear ratio cog-type belt 顶置凸微轮轴 导管 挺杆
气门座
锁销，锁片 口 凸起 点，位置 杆 双的 凸轮挺杆
跷跷板，杠杆 气门间歇 气封 容易
可能 轻敲
配气正时 进气阀 排气阀
静态的，静力的
（运）动的，动力（学）的 测定体积的 杠杆作用 偏移量 动力学 气门挺杆
把…..看成…… 参数，参量 半径，范围 侧面
配对，成对 相当于 传动比 齿型带
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synthetic rubber 合成橡胶 reinforce 加强
fiberglass 玻璃纤维
strand 绳，线，绞合 slotted 有槽的，切槽的 mesh 相啮合 linkage 联动
inline engine 直列发动机 neoprene 氯丁（二稀）橡胶 electronic valve control (EVC) 电子式气阀控制 centralized system 集中系统 distributed system 分布系统 varied cylinder count 可变的汽缸数 architecture 结构，构造 processor 处理器 local node 局域节点 communication layer 通信层 synchronization 同步
Review Question
1. List the main parts of the OHC valve train . 2. How does a push-rod valve train work ?
3. how are the valve clearance adjusted by hand ?
4. Why do the intake valves open before TDC and close after BDC ?
5. What do we mean by “ valve overlap “
6. Why do most cars use timing belts rather than chains ?
7. What are the advantage of the electronic valve control (EVC) ?
2.5 Gasoline Fuel System 2.5.1 Gasoline
Gasoline is distilled from crude petroleum . Gasoline is highly flammable , meaning it burns easily in the presence of air .
Gasoline must vaporize easily . This characteristic , called volatility , is important . However , it must not vaporize too easily , or it will turn to vapor inside the fuel tank or fuel lines . Inside the fuel line , fuel vapor may block the flow of liquid gasoline . This is called vapor lock . Vapor lock is common in fuel lines where the inlet side of the pump is exposed to high temperatures .
The flammability of gasoline varies with its quality and the additives mixed with the gasoline The way gasoline burns inside the combustion chamber is most important .
Increasing the pressure of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before ignition helps to increase the power of an engine . This is done by compression the fuel mixture to a smaller volume . Higher compression ratio not only boost power but also give more efficient power . But as the compression ratio goes up , knocking
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tendency increase . The octane number of a gasoline is a measure of its antiknock quality or ability to resist detonation during combustion . Detonation , sometimes referred to as knock , can be defined as an uncontrolled explosion of the last portion of the burning fuel-air mixture due to excessive temperature and pressure condition in the combustion chamber . Since detonation creates shock pressure waves , and hence audible knock , rather tan smooth combustion and expansion of the fuel-air mixture , it result in loss of power , excessive localized temperatures , and engine damage if sufficiently severe .
There are two commonly used methods of determining the octane number of motor gasoline the motor method and the research method . Both used the same type of laboratory single –cylinder engine , which is equipped with a variable head and a knock meter to indicate knock intensity . Using the test sample as fuel , the engine compression ratio and the air-fuel mixture are adjusted to develop a specified knock intensity . Two primary standard reference fuels , normal heptane and iso-octane , arbitrarily assigned 0 and 100 octane numbers , respectively , are then blended to produce the same knock intensity as the test sample . Thus , if the matching reference blend is made up of 15 n-heptane and 85 iso-octane , the test sample , the test sample is rate 85 motor or research octane number , according to the test method used .
2.5.2 Adaptation to Operating Condition
In certain operation conditions , the fuel requirement differs greatly from the basic injection-fuel quantity so that corrective is required in mixture formation .
1.Cold Start
During a cold start , the air-fuel mixture drawn in by the engine leans off .
This is due to the low turbulence at cranking speeds causing poor mixture of the fuel particles with the air , and to the minimal evaporation of the fuel and wetting of the cylinder walls and intake ports with fuel at low temperature . In order to compensate for these phenomena , and thus facilitate staring of the cold engine , additional fuel must be injected during cranking .
2.Post-start Phase
After staring at low temperatures , it is necessary to enrich the mixture for a short period in order to compensate for poor mixture formation and wetting of the cylinder and intake-port walls with fuel . In addition , the rich mixture results in higher torque and therefore better throttle response when accelerating from idle .
3.Warm-up
The warm=up phase follows the cold-start and the post-start phase . The engine needs extra fuel during the warm-up phase because some of the fuel condenses on the still cold cylinder walls . At low temperatures , mixture formation is poor due to the large fuel droplets concerned , and due to the inefficient mixing of the fuel with the air drawn in by the engine , The result is that fuel condenses on the intake valves and in the intake manifold , and only evaporates at higher temperatures .
The above factors all necessitate an increasing enrichment of the mixture along with decreasing temperature .
4.Acceleration
If the throttle is opened abruptly , the air-fuel mixture is momentarily
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leaned-off , and a short period of mixture enrichment is needed to ensure good transitional response . 5 . Part Load
During part-load operation , achieving maximum air-fuel economy and observing the emission values are the crucial factors .
6.Full Load
The engine delivers maximum power at full load , when the air-fuel
mixture must be enriched compared to that at part load .
This enrichment depends on engine speed and provide maximum
possible torque over the entire engine-speed range . This also ensure optimum fuel-economy figures during full-load operation .
7.Idling
In addition to the efficiency of the engine , the engine idle speed
principally determines the fuel consumption at idle .
The higher frictional resistances in the cold engine must be overcome by
increasing the air-fuel mixture input . In order to achieve smoother running at idle , the idle-speed control increases the idle speed . This also leads to more rapid warm-up of the engine . Close-loop idle-speed control prevents too high an idle speed . The mixture quantity corresponds to the quantity required for maintaining the idle speed at the relevant load ( e.g.. cold engine and increased friction ) . It also permits constant exhaust-gas emission values for a long period without idle adjustment . Closed-loop idle-speed control also partially compensates for charges in the engine resulting from aging and ensures stable engine idling throughout the service life .
8.Overrun
Cutting off the fuel during deceleration reduces fuel consumption not
merely on long downhill runs and during braking , but also in town traffic . Because no fuel is burnt , there are no emission .
9.Engine-speed Limiting
When a presser engine speed is reached , the ECU suppresses the fuel-injection pulses .
10.Adaptation of the Air-fuel Mixture at High Altitudes
The low density of air at high altitudes necessitates a leaner air-fuel mixture . At high altitudes , due to the lower air density , the volumetric floe measured by the air-fuel sensor corresponds to a lower air-mass floe . This error can compensated for by correcting the fuel quantity . Over-enrichment is avoided and , therefore , excessive fuel consumption . 2.5.3 Carburetor
As shown in Fig.2-20 , the fuel system has a fuel tank , fuel tank , fuel pump , fuel filter and carburetor . These parts store gasoline and deliver it to the carburetor as needed . Stated simply , the fuel tank stores the gasoline . The fuel lines carry the fuel from the tank to the carburetor . The fuel pump moves gasoline from the tank and through the fuel lines to carburetor . the fuel filter removes impurities from the gasoline . Then the carburetor sends the fuel ━ a mixture of air and gasoline ━ into the combustion chamber .
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2.5.4 Motronic Combine Ignition and Fuel Injection System
The carburetor sends the correct air-fuel mixture to the engine . However , not all cars have carburetors . Fuel-injection systems are used on many modern cars .
Fuel-injection systems have many advantages over carburetors . For example , they provide more exact fuel control . Thus , they can better match air-fuel ratios to changing engine conditions . They also provide better economy and emission control . Furthermore , fuel-injection system do not need many of the parts that carburetor have .
The Motronic system is an engine-management system comprising a control unit ( ECU ) which implements at least the two basic function ignition and fuel injection , but which , however may contain additional subsystems as required for improves engine control .
1. Detection of Measured Valves
The combustion process in the cylinder is influenced not only by fuel
management , mixture quantity and air-fuel ratio , but also by the ignition advance and the energy contained in the ignition spark . An optimized engine control the air-fuel ratio λ throughout the injection time t ( i.e. the quantity of injected fuel ) as well as the ignition advance angle α and the dwell angle β . The main parameters which effect the combustion process are detected as measure values and processed together such that the optimum ignition and injection timing is calculated for instantaneous engine operating conditions
2. Actuating Variables/Sensors
Engine speed and load are the main actuating variables . Because a specific
ignition advance angle and a specific injection time correspond to each point of the engine speed/load map , it is important that all variables which pertain to the same point are calculate on the same speed /load area . This is only possible if the ignition advance and the injection time are calculated with the same speed and load valves ( engine speed detected only once with the same sensors ) .
This avoids statistical errors which can result , for example , from tolerances
of different load sensor devices . Whereas a slightly different allocation in the part-load rage normally only increases consumption or exhaust emission , at full load near the knock limit the susceptibility t engine knocking increase . Clear allocation of the ignition timing angle and the injection time is provide by Motronic Systems , even under conditions of dynamic engine operation .
3. Motronic System
The Motonic system comprise a series of subsystem , the two basic subsystem being ignition and fuel injection . The combined system is more flexible and can implement a greater number of functions than the corresponding individual system . An important feature of the Motronic system is its implementation of a large number of freely programmable maps as desired for most sub-functions .
The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) function has not been used in Europe to date , and is therefore provide only as an alternative systems . The lambda control system can only be considered today if used in conjunction with an adaptive precontrol for reasons of reduced exhaust emissions .
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The knock control is either connected to the Motronic system via a defined interface , or integrated into the system . This combination of subsystem makes sense a physical standpoint : it enables a basic system ( ignition and fuel injection ) with open-loop functional control in a management system .
The idle speed control is realized by means of data from the ignition system and the fuel emissions .
The knock control is either connected to the Motronic system via a defined interface , or integrated into the system . This combination of subsystem makes sense a physical standpoint : it enables a basic system ( ignition and fuel injection ) with open-loop functional control in a management system .
The idle speed control is realized by means of data from the ignition system and the fuel injection system and is part of the overall system of control which includes tank ventilation and camshaft control .
Microcomputer-controlled systems today are required to perform self-diagnosis of the control unit itself , as well as of the entire system to a certain extent . Motronic system of the future will thus include a diagnostic feature .
An engine-management system should include at least those function described here . The addition of other functions is practical if they can be implemented without the need for a number of additional inputs and outputs . System which use input and output signals different from those used by the Motronic system are not integrated but rather are connected with the Motronic system via interfaces . Typical examples of such systems are the transmission control system and the traction control system which access the ignition and injection system via corresponding interfaces .
4. System Configuration
Fig 2-22 is a typical Motronic system which shows the fuel circuit and the acquisition of load and temperature data . The system dose not include the cold-start valve or the thermo-time switch whose function are performed by the control unit . The auxiliary-air device has been replaced by the idle-speed actuator . In addition to the ignition coil , the ignition section also include the high-volt-age distributor which is normally mounted directly on the camshaft . In contrast to the conventional ignition distributor , the high-voltage distributor only incorporate the high-voltage distributor function . The control unit electronically determines the proper ignition timing as a function of engine speed and load .
5. Control Unit ( ECU )
The ECU detects the instantaneous condition of the engine at very short intervals ( milliseconds ) via a number of sensors . The signals output by the sensors are fed to the ECU where input circuits remove any signal interference and convert the signals to a uniform voltage range . An A/D converter then transforms these signals to their signal equivalents . This information is then processed by the microcomputer , which generates output signals . The output stages amplify the low power lever of microcomputer outputs to the lever required by the actuators . All programs and maps are resident in a semiconductor memory . Digital signal level or component tolerance fluctuations . Digital accuracy is governed by word length , quartz-clock frequency constancy and the algorithms used for processing . Analog
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accuracy is determined by constancy and accuracy of the reference volt-ages , and by the components used in the input circuits . Program configuration must allow for the extreme real-time requirements of the engine : the interval between two ignition pulse in a 6-cylinder engine is only about 3ms at maximum speed . All essential calculation must be performed during this period . In addition to crankshaft-synchronous control processing , the ECU also has to calculate time-synchronous events .Both then functions have to wait if an interrupt occurs .
2.6 Engine Cooling
The purpose of the engine’s cooling system is to remove excess heat from
the engine , to keep the engine operation at its most efficient temperature , and to get the engine up to the correct temperature as soon as possible after staring .Ideally , the cooling system keeps the engine running at its most efficient temperature no matter what the operation are .
There are two types of cooling systems ; liquid cooling and air cooling .
Most auto engines are cooled by the liquid type ; air cooling is used more frequently for airplanes , motorcycles and lawnmowers .
2.6.1 Liquid Cooling
This system consists of several interdependent parts that function
together to maintain proper engine temperature . The cooling system of a water –cooled engine consists of the engine’s water jacket , a thermostat , a water pump , radiator and radiator cap , a cooling fan ( electric or belt-drive) , hoses , and usually an expansion ( overflow ) tank .
To dissipate excess engine heat , the cooling system performs four
function :
1) absorption 2) circulation 3) radiation 4) control
Absorption occurs as coolant moves through the engine block . Heat energy from the burning fuel in the cylinders passes into the cylinder walls and cylinder head . Liquid coolant circulates through hollow spaces within the engine block and head to absorb the heat from the metal parts of the engine . The hollow spaces are known as the water jacket .
After absorbing the heat , the hot coolant passes out through the cylinder head and eaters the radiator . As the coolant circulates through the radiator , it gives up its heat to the metal tubes of the radiator . The radiator is made of brass or aluminum , metals that conduct heat well . As air passes through the radiator fins and around the tubes , heat is transferred to air .
However , if coolant circulated at all times from the engine to radiator , the engine would run very cool on cold days . Remember that chemical reaction , including the burning of the fuel , occur more efficiently at high temperature . Thus , for the engine to operate efficiently , there must be a control mechanism .
This control system is the thermostat . It regulates hoe much coolant is
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permitted to flow through the radiator . After you start the engine , it should heat an efficient operating temperature as quickly as possible and maintain that temperature without overheating . 2.7 Engine Lubrication
The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the engine . An engine must have a good lubrication system . Without it , the friction heat from the contact of moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss . Oil , when placed between two moving parts , separates them with a film . This oil film prevents the parts from rubbing against between each other . This oil film also cushions the parts , giving quieter and smoother engine operating .
Besides lubricating engine parts , oil is also used to : 1) clean the inside of the engine 2) help cool the engine
3) from a seal between the cylinder walls and piston rings .
Friction between engine components is reduced by :
1) boundary lubricating – relies on oil being splashed up onto the surfaces . 2) full film lubricating – an oil film is maintained by forcing the oil between the surfaces by an oil pump .
The system used on a modern engine combines both methods : pistons are lubricated by splash and bearing are pressure fed .
The main parts of a lubrication system are : pump , main oil gallery , relief valve and filters . 2.7.1 Pump
In most cars , the oil pump is in the crankcase above the sump . It draws oil
through a tube that extends downward oil through a tube that extends downward into the sump .This tube has a filter screen over its bottom end . The screen keeps large pieces of sludge and dirt from being drawn into the pump . The tube may be hinged on the pump end so that it can move up and down as the oil level change in the sump . Thus , the pump always draws oil from the top of the sump , not from the bottom where the dirt and sludge tend to settle . Modern cars use one of two common types of oil pump – the gear – type and the rotor – type .
2.7.2 Main Oil Gallery and Relief Valve
This runs the length of the engine . Drilling from the gallery allow oil to
be supplied to the bearing surfaces .
Generally fitted in the gallery , this spring loaded valves opens when the
pressure reaches the maximum allowed .
2.7.3 Filters
Besides the gauze screen that prevents pieces of the metal entering the pump there is an external filter which can be renewed periodically . A modern engine uses a full – flow filtering system . In this system , the output of the oil pump flows through the oil filter before each trip through the engine . When an engine runs at 3000r/min its entire five quarts of oil pass through the filter at least once every minutes . Thus the oil filter ensures that only clean oil enters the engine .
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New Words
Cushion 缓冲，减振 Relief valve 溢流阀 Sludge 油泥渣，残渣 Hinge 依。。。。。。。而转移
Gauze screen filter 金属滤网滤清器
Review Question
1. What is the purpose of the cooling system ? 2. List the main parts a liquid – cooling system ?
3. Why is thermostat need is a liquid – cooling system ? 4. What are the main function of the lubrication system ? 5. List the main parts of the lubrication system ?
2.8 Exhaust System
The exhaust system carries exhaust gases from the engine’s combustion chamber to the atmosphere and reduces , or muffles , engine noise . Exhaust gases leave the engine the engine in a pipe , traveling through a catalytic converter and a muffler before exiting through the tailpipe . 2.9.1 The Tailpipe
The tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the muffler . It sticks out from under the body of a car , at the rear , in order to discharge the exhaust gases from the muffler of the engine into the air outside the car . 2.8.2 The Muffler
Exhaust gases leave the engine under extremely high pressure . If these gases escaped directly from the engine , the noise would be tremendous . For the reason , the exhaust manifold sends the gases to a muffler where they go through metal plates , or tubes , with a series of holes . The pressure of the gases is reduced when they pass through the muffler , so they go out of the tailpipe quietly .
The muffler is made of metal and is located underneath the body a car . it’s connected between the tailpipe and the catalytic converter .
There are two types of muffler design . One type uses several baffled chambers to reduce noise . The other type sends the gases straight through perforate pipe wrapped in metal or fiberglass This type of muffler is designed for the purpose of reducing backpressure and , consequently , makes slightly more noise .
The muffler quests the noise of the exhaust by “ muffling ” the sound waves creates by the opening and closing of the exhaust valves . When an exhaust valve opens , it discharge the burned gases at high pressures into exhaust pipe , which is at low pressure . This type of action creates sound waves that travel through the flowing gas , moving much faster than the gas itself ( up to 1400 m. p . h . ) that the muffler must silence . It generally does this by converting the sound wave energy into heat by pasting the exhaust gas and through perforated chambers of varied sizes . Passing into the perforation and reflectors within the chamber forces the sound waves to dissipate their energy .
Car manufacturers are experimenting with an electronic muffler , which uses
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sensors to monitor the sound waves of the exhaust noise . The sound wave data are sent to a computer that controls speaker near the tailpipe . The system generates sound waves 180 degrees of phase with the engine noise . The sound waves from the electronic muffler collide with the exhaust sound waves and they cancel each other out , leaving only low – lever heat to emerge from the tailpipe .
2.8.3 The Exhaust Manifold And Header
The exhaust manifold , usually constructed of cast iron , is a pipe that conducts the exhaust gases from the combustion chambers to the exhaust pipe . It has smooth cures in it for improving the flow of exhaust .
The exhaust manifold is bolted to the cylinder head , and has entrances for the air that is injected into it . It is usually is located under the intake manifold .
A header is a different type of manifold , it is made of separate equal – length tubes .
2.8.4 Manifold to Exhaust Pipe Gasket
There are several types of that connect the exhaust pipe to manifold .
One is a flat surface gasket . Another type uses a ball and socket with spring to maintain pressure . This type allows some flexibility without breakage of the seal or the manifold . A third type is the full ball connector type , which also allows a little flexibility .
2.8.5 Exhaust Pipe Hangers
Hangers hold the exhaust system in place . They give the system flexibility and reduce the noise lever . The hanger system consists of rubber rings , tubes and clamps .
2.8.6 Exhaust pipe
The exhaust pipe is the bent – up or convoluted pipes underneath a car . Some are shaped to go over the rear axle allowing the rear axle to move up and down without bumping into the exhaust pipe ; some are shaped to bend around under the floor of the car , connecting the catalytic converter with the muffler . Exhaust pipes are usually made out of stainless steel , since the high heat conditions involved with the muffler system will cause rust .
2.8.7 Dual Exhaust System
The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more freely ,thereby lowering the backpressure , which is inherent in an exhaust system . With a dual exhaust system , a sizable increasing in engine horsepower can be obtained because the “ breathing ” capacity of the engine is improved , leaving less exhaust gases in the engine at the end of each exhaust stroke . This , in turn , leaves more room for en extra intake of the air – fuel mixture .
New Word
Tremendous 巨大的，极大的 Perforated 多孔的 Muffler 消音器 Tailpipe 尾管
Hanger 吊耳，吊钩 Manifold 歧管
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Fiberglass 玻璃纤维 Speaker 扬声器 Header 集气管 Baffled 用挡板隔开的 Convoluted 回旋状的 Flat 平面
Sizable 相当大的，大小相当的 Room 空间 Bump 碰撞
Catalytic converter 催化转换器 Backpressure 背压
2.9The Ignition System
There are many different ignition systems . Most of these systems can be placed into one of three distinct : the conventional breaker point type ignition systems ( in use since the early 1900s ) ; the electronic ignition systems ( popular since the mid 70s ) ; and the distributorless ignition system ( introduces in the mid 80s ) .
The automotive ignition system has two basic functions ; it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements , and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug .
2.9.1 Point – Type Ignition System
An automotive ignition system is divided into two electrical circuits – the primary and secondary circuits . The primary circuit carries low voltage . This circuit operates only on battery current and is controlled by the breaker points and the ignition switch . The secondary circuit coil ( commonly called the coil wire ) , the distributor cap the distributor rotor , the spark plug leads and the spark plugs .
The distributor is the controlling element of the system . It switches the primary current on and off and distributes the current to the proper spark plug each time a spark is needed . The distributor is a stationary housing surrounding a rotating shaft . The shaft is driven at one – half engine speed by the engine’s camshaft through the distributor drive gears . A cam near the top of the distributor shaft has on lobe for each cylinder of the engine . The cam operates the contact points , which are mounted on a plate within the distributor housing .
A rotor is attached to the top of the distributor shaft . When the distributor cap is in place , a spring – loaded piece of metal in the center of the cap makes contact with a metal strip on top of the rotor . The outer end of the rotor passes very close to the contacts connected to the spark plug leads around the outside of the distributor cap .
The coil is the heart of the ignition system . Essentially , it is nothing more than a transformer which takes the relatively low voltage ( 12 volts ) available from the battery and increasing it to a point where it will fire the plug as much as 40000 volts . The term “coil” is perhaps a misnomer since there are actually two coils of wire wound about an iron cone . These coils are insulated from each other and the whole assembly is enclosed in an oil – filled case . The primary coil , which consists of
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relatively few turns of heavy wire , is connected to the two primary terminals located on top of the coil . The secondary coil consists of many turns of fine wire. It is connected to the high – tension connection on top of the coil ( the tower into which the coil wire from the distributor is plugged ) .
Under normal operating conditions , power from the battery is fed through a resistor or resistance wire to the primary circuit of the coil and is then grounded through the ignition points in the distributor ( the points are closed ) . Energizing the coil primary circuit with battery voltage produces current flow through the primary winding , which induces a very large , intense magnetic filed . This magnetic filed remains as long as current flows and the points remain closed .
As the distributor cam rotates , the points are pushed apart , breaking the primary circuit and stopping the flow of current . Interrupting the flow of primary current causes the magnetic filed to collapse . Just as current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic filed , moving a magnetic filed across a wire will produce a current . As the magnetic filed collapses , its lines of wire in the secondary winding , inducing a current in them . Since there are many more turns of wire in the secondary windings , the voltage from the primary winding is magnified considerably up to 40000volts .
The voltage from the coil secondary winding flows through the coil high – tension lead to the center of the distributor cap , where it is distributed by the rotor to one of the outer terminals in the cap . From there , it flows through the spark plug lead to the spark plug . This process occurs in a split second and is repeated every time the points open and close , which is up to 1500 times a minute in a 4 – cylinder engine at idle .
2.9.2 Electronic Ignition Systems
The need for higher mileage , reduced emissions and greater reliability has led to the development of the electronic ignition system . These system generate a much stronger spark , which is needed to ignite leaner fuel Breaker point system needed a resistor to reduce the operating voltage of the primary circuit in order to prolong the life of the points . The primary circuit of the electronic ignition system operates on full battery voltage , which helps to develop a stronger spark . Spark plug gaps have winded due to the ability of the increased voltage to jump the large gap . Cleaner combustion and less deposits have led to longer spark plug life .
On some systems , the ignition coil has moved inside the distributor cap . This system is said to have an internal coil opposed to the complicated external .
Electronic ignition systems are not as complicated as they may first appear . In fact , they differ only slightly from conventional point ignition systems . Like conventional ignition systems , electronic systems have two circuits : a primary circuit and a secondary circuit . The entire secondary circuit is the same as in a conventional ignition system . In addition , the section of the primary circuit from the battery to the battery terminal at the coil is the same as in a conventional ignition system .
Electronic ignition system differ from conventional ignition system in the distributor component area . Instead of a distributor cam , breaker plate , points , and condenser , an electronic ignition system has an armature ( called by various names
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such as a trigger wheel , redactor , etc . ) , a pickup coil ( stator , sensor , etc. ) , and an electronic module .
2.9.3 Distributorless Ignition System ( DIS )
The third type of ignition system is the distributorless ignition . The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils . The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition Control Unit ( ICU ) and the Engine Control Unit ( ECU ) . The distributorless ignition system may have one coil per cylinder , or one coil for each pair of cylinders .
Some popular systems use one ignition coil per two cylinders . This type of system is often known as the waste spark distribution method . In this system , each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order ( usually 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 on 4 – cylinder engines or 1 – 4 – 2 – 5 – 3 – 6 on V6 engines ) . The ends of each coil secondary leads are attached to spark plugs for the paired opposites . These two plugs are on companion cylinder , cylinders that are at Top Dead Center ( TDC ) at the sane time . But , they are paired opposites , because they are always at opposing ends of the 4 – stroke engine cycle . When one is at TDC of the compression stroke , the other is at TDC of the exhaust stroke . The one that is on compression is said to be the event cylinder and one on the exhaust stroke , the waste cylinder . When the coil discharges , both plugs fire at the same time to complete the series circuit .
Since the polarity of the primary and the secondary windings are fixed , one plug always fires in a forward direction and the other in reverse . This is different than a conventional system firing all plugs the same direction each time . Because of the demand for additional energy ; the coil design , saturation time and primary current flow are also different . This redesign of the system allows higher energy to be available from the distributorless coils , greater than 40 kilovolts at the rpm ranges .
The distributorless ignition system uses either a magnetic crankshaft sensor , camshaft position sensor , or both , to determine crankshaft position and engine speed . This signal is sent to the ignition control module or engine control module , which then energizes the appropriate coil .
The advantage of no distributor , in theory , is : 1. No timing adjustments .
2. No distributor cap and rotor . 3. No moving parts to wear out .
4. No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause staring problems . 5. No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag . The major components of a distributorless ignition are : 1. ECU or Engine Control Unit . 2. ICU or Ignition Control Unit .
3. Magnetic Triggering Device such as the Crankshaft Position Sensor and the
Camshaft position Sensor . 4. Coil Pack .
New Words
Distributor 分电器 Condenser 电容器 Wear 磨损
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Saturation 磁饱和 Series 串联 Wind 缠绕
Coil （ 点火 ）线圈 Transformer 变压器 Turn 匝数
Term 术语， 学期，条件
Breaker point type ignition system 触点型点火系统 Distributorless ignition system 无分电器点火系统 Primary and secondary circuits 初级和次级电路 Magnetic filed 磁场
High tension lead 高压导线 Distributor rotor 分火头 Spark plug 火花塞
Chaper3 Chassis
3.1clutch
The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts include the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly .
The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .
To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage . The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must act as a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .
However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an
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engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled . The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine’s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .
The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .
The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back – and – forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .
The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .
In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed – steed cover bolted to the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust pad riding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted so that they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .
Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal spring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .
When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to
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flywheel .
The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .
The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where another operates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .
The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell – housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutch assembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .
New Word
Clutch 离合器 Flywheel 飞轮
Stationary 静止的，不动的，不变的，固定的 Torsional 扭转的，扭力的 Crankshaft 曲轴，机轴 Stall 停止，停转，迟延 Mount 安放，设置，装上 Groove 凹槽，沟
Lever 杆，杠杆，控制杆 Pivot 支点
Gearbox 变速器
Retract 缩回，缩进，收回， Compactness 紧密，简洁 Drive train 传动系 Drive shaft 传动轴 Pressure plate 压盘
Clutch disc 离合器从动盘，离合器摩擦片 Gear ratio 传动比
Release bearing 分离轴承 Release fork 分离拨叉 Master cylinder 主缸 Clutch pedal 离合器踏板 Coupling device 结合装置
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At idle 空转。空闲 Couple with 与。。。。。。。结合 Ring gear 外形齿轮，齿圈 Pinion gear 小齿轮 Splined hub 花键毂 Cast iron 铸铁
Diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧 Thrust pad 止推片 Engage with 结合
Centrifugal force 离心力 Fulcrum ring 支撑环 Pilot bushing 导轴衬
Bell housing 钟形外壳，离合器壳
3.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
The modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .
There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .
On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .
There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is
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popular on the Porsche.
The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems . 3.2.1 Planetary gear sets
Automatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets .
The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier .
One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it can’t move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) . If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear .
The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning .
The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same
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speed as the input shaft .
Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission . 3.2.2 Clutch pack
A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one . 3.2.3 One-way Clutch
A one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like that bicycle , where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward .
A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used .
3.2.4 Torque Converter
On automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise .
A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine’s crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter .
With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is
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pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the ‘80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph . This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won’t engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear .
3.2.5 Hydraulic System
The hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission ‘s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .
3.2.6 Oil Pump
The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required . 3.2.7 Valve Body
The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body
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has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur .
The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .
3.2.8 Computer Controls
The computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , stop light switch position , etc . to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be . Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it .
Because of computer controls , sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate , then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will . The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it .
Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash . A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is . 3.2.9 Seals and Gaskets
An automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case . This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out . The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft .
A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade ) and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft . In some cases , the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft .
A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together . Some common gasket materials are : paper , cork , rubber , silicone and soft metal . Aside from the main seals , there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission . A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever . This is the shaft that you move when you
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manipulate the gear shifter . Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket . In fact , seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks .
New Words
Hump 圆形隆起
Transaxle 变速器驱动桥 Tuck 把一端塞进 Gasket 垫圈
Governor 油压调节器 Modulator 调制器 Spline 花键 Bond 结合 Strap 带,皮带 Doughnut 圆环图 Stator 定子,固定片 Maze 曲径
Submerge 浸没,淹没 Quart 夸脱
Downshift 调低速档 Optimal 最佳的 Solenoid 螺线管 Retrieve 重新得到 Cork 塞住
Manipulate 操作,使用
Fluid coupling 液力偶合器 Torque converter 液力变矩器 Planetary converter 行星齿轮组 Throttle cable 节气门拉线 Ring gear 齿圈 High gear 高速档 Reverse gear 倒档
Sprag clutch 锲块式单向离合器 Centrifugal force 离心力 Gear up 促进 Stick shift 顶杆档
Vacuum hose 真空软管 Throttle valve 节气阀 Leak out 泄露
Windshield wiper 风窗玻璃刮水器 3.3 The Differential System
When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel
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type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .
When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .
When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance ;this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement . This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal – hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer .
New Word
Desirable 想知道的 Disc 盘片,轮盘,轮圈 Prize 撬动,推动 Equalizer 平衡装置 3.4 Brake System
The breaking system is the most important system in cars . If the brakes fail , the result can be disastrous . Brakes are actually energy conversion devices , which convert the kinetic energy ( momentum ) of the vehicle into thermal ( heat ) . When stepping on the brakes , the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion . The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes .
The brake system is composed of the following basic components : the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood , and is directly connected to the brake pedal , converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure . Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel . Brake fluid , specially designed to work in extreme condition , fills the system . “Shoes” and “Pads” are pushed by the salve cylinders to contact the “drum” and “rotors” thus causing drag , which ( hopefully ) slows the car . The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .
Stepping on the brake pedal , a plunger is actually been pushing against in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil ( brake fluid ) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel . Since hydraulic fluid ( or any fluid for that matter ) cannot be compressed , pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through pipe . Unlike a steel bar , however , fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination , arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with . It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it . Air can compress , which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency . If air is suspected , then the system must be bled to remove the air . There are “bleeder screws” at each wheel and caliper for this purpose .
On a disk brakes , the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it pressure against a piston . The piton , in-turn , squeezes two brake pads against the disk ( rotor ) which is attached to the wheel , forcing it to slow down or stop . This
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process is similar to the wheel ,causing the wheel to stop . In either case , the friction surface of the pads on a disk brake system , on the shoes on a drum brake convert the forward motion of the vehicle into heat . Heat is what causes the friction surfaces ( lining ) of the pads and shoes to eventually wear out and require replacement .
Brake fluid is a special oil that has specifics properties . It is designed to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very high temperatures without boiling . ( If the brake fluid should boil , it will cause you to have a spongy pedal and the car will be hard to stop ) .
The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder . Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover . The brake fluid lever will drop slightly as the brake pads wear . This is a normal condition and no cause for concern . If the lever drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full , have your brakes checked as soon as possible . Keep the reservoir covered expect for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a can of brake fluid uncovered . Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point . Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point .
The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses . Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility , such as at the front wheels , which move up and down as well as steer . The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at attachment points . If a steel line requires a repair , the best procedure is to replace the complete line . If this is nit practical , a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair . You must never use brass “compression” fittings or copper tubing repair a brake system . They are dangerous and illegal .
3.4.1 Other Components in the Hydraulic System Proportioning Valve or Equalizer Valve
These valves are mounted between the master cylinder and the rear wheels . They are designed to adjust the pressure between the front and the rear brakes depending on how hard you are stopping . The shorter you stop , the more of the vehicle’s weight is transferred to the front wheels , in some cases , causing the rear to lift and the front to dive . These valves are designed to direct more pressure to the front and less pressure to the harder you stop . This minimizes the chance of premature lockup at the rear wheels .
Pressure Differential Valve
This valve is usually mounted just below the master and is responsible for turning the brake warning light on when it detects a malfunction . It measures the pressure from the two sections of the master cylinder and compares them . Since it is mounted ahead of the proportioning or equalizer valve , the two pressure it detects should be equal . If it detects a difference , it means that there is probably a brake fluid leak somewhere in the system . Combination Valve
The Combination valve is simply a proportioning valve and a pressure differential
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valve that is combine into one unit .
The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a series of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal . The ideal is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a total brake failure .
New Word
Disastrous 灾难性的 Hood 发动机罩 Plunger 活塞,柱塞
Sponginess 轻软有弹性的 Malfunction 故障 Bypass 设旁路,与会 Corkscrew 活塞推杆 Inoperative 不起作用的 Booster 调压器,助力器 Slam 砰地踏下
Screech 发出尖锐的声音 Thumping 极大的 Momentarily 即刻 Thermal energy 热能 Master cylinder 制动主缸 Brake pedal 制动踏板 Brake hose 制动软管 Salve cylinder 轮缸
Drum brake 鼓式制动器 Brake shoe 制动蹄
Bleeder screw 放气螺钉 Spongy pedal 踏板发软
Panic stop 紧急停车,紧急制动 Friction lining 摩擦衬片 Proportioning valve 比列阀 Equalizer valve 平衡阀
Pressure differential valve 差压阀 Combination valve 组合阀
3.5 Steering System
3.5.1 Basic Parts of Steering System
The steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle .
The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column . Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the
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steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles , As shown in fig , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites can turn from side top side .
While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well . When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels , and tires turn to one side , causing the car to turn .
The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .
New Word
Steering box 转向器
Steering column 转向柱管 Steering linkage 转向传动机构 Steering knuckle 转向节 King pin 主销 Track rod 转向杆 Drop arm 摇臂 Stub axle 转向轴
Turn about 绕…….转动 Spindle 转向节(轴端) Swivel joint 转向节
Types of Steering System
A steering box must have the following qualities : 1) no play in the straight-ahead position 2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency 3)high rigidity , 4 readjustability
For these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However , there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists the operation so that driver effort is reduced .
On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide steering control : 1) recirculating ball 2) rack and pinion
Either of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical systems or a power –assisted system .
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3.6 Front Suspension
The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the car to move straight down the road and turn properly .
Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber . Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or hole in the road , the other wheel dose no9t deflect . 3.6.1 Front Wheel Alignment
As a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels , sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is adjustable . You can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .
The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment ca make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster , camber , and toe . 1. Toe-in
Toe-in specifies the degree to which non-parallel front wheels are closer together at the front than at the rear ; measured at the edges of the rims at the wheel center height . front non-driven wheels , toe-in is approximately 2-3 mm , and between +3mm and-2 mm for driven wheels . Toe-in reduces the tendency of the wheels to shimmy . 2. Kingpin Angle
The kingpin angle is the inclination of the steering axis relative to the longitudinal plane , measured in the transverse plane of the vehicle . Kingpin angle is 2°-16°and determines the steering aligning torque in conjunction with steering offset and wheel caster . It is measured only with the vehicle loaded . 3. Camber
Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top . Inward tilt is negative camber and outward tilt is positive camber . The tilt of the wheel is measured inn degrees and is adjustable on many vehicles . 4. Caster
Caster is the forward or backward of spindle or steering the knuckle at the top when viewed from the side . Forward tilt is negative caster and backward tilt positive caster . Caster is measured in the number of degrees that it is forward or backward from true vertical and is adjustable on many vehicle .
New Word
Front wheel alignment 前轮定位 Sag 倾斜
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Caster 主销倾角 Camber 车轮倾角 Toe 轮胎缘距 Toe-in 轮胎前束 Kingpin 主销 Align 矫正,对准
Positive camber 车轮外倾角 Negative camber 车轮内倾角 Deviate 偏离
Positive caster 主销正倾角 Negative caster 主销负倾角 3.6.2 Rear Suspension
The purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design . Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are most popular .
3.7 Wheels and Tires
To maintain grip when a vehicle is traveling at speed over a bumpy surface , a wheel must be light in weight . Also it must be strong , cheap to produce , easy to clan and simple to remove . 3.7.1. Wheels
The structure of the wheel is shown in Fig . The rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it . Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire in place should it go flat while driving . 3.7.2. tires
Tires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and braking power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained with great care .
There are two basic types of tires – those with inner tubes and those without ( called “tubeless” tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type . Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .
Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a blend of natural and synthetic rubber .
New Words
Rim 轮缘
Bead 胎边,轮缘 Hump 凸起 Inner tube 内胎 Rayon 人造丝
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Polyester 多元脂 Casing plies 帘布层 Rubber chafer 橡胶胎圈
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷 ceramics
合成纤维 synthetic fibre
电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion
车架 automotive chassis
悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining
车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock
数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing
投影 projection
视图 view
剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component
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零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements
刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement
截面 section
疲劳极限 fatigue limit
断裂 fracture
塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion
垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer
直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear
斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint
曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
共轭曲线 conjugate curve 范成法 generation method 定义域 definitional domain
值域 range
导数\\\\微分 differential coefficient
求导 derivation 定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral
曲率 curvature
偏微分 partial differential
毛坯 rough
游标卡尺 slide caliper
千分尺 micrometer calipers
攻丝 tap
二阶行列式 second order determinant
逆矩阵 inverse matrix 线性方程组 linear equations
概率 probability
随机变量 random variable
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排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas
动能 kinetic energy 势能 potential energy
机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy
动量 momentum
桁架 truss 轴线 axes 余子式 cofactor 逻辑电路 logic circuit
触发器 flip-flop 脉冲波形 pulse shape 数模 digital analogy
液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism
机械零件 mechanical parts
淬火冷却 quench 淬火 hardening 回火 tempering
调质 hardening and tempering
磨粒 abrasive grain 结合剂 bonding agent 砂轮 grinding wheel
后角 clearance angle 龙门刨削 planing 主轴 spindle
主轴箱 headstock 卡盘 chuck
加工中心 machining center 车刀 lathe tool 车床 lathe
钻削 镗削 bore 车削 turning 磨床 grinder 基准 benchmark 钳工 locksmith 锻 forge
压模 stamping 焊 weld
拉床 broaching machine 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 铸造 found
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流体动力学 fluid dynamics 流体力学 fluid mechanics 加工 machining
液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent
机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure 稳定性 stability 介质 medium
液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve
失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress
安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin
滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring
制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain 皮带 strap
精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust
氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear
耐用度 durability
随机信号 random signal 离散信号 discrete signal
超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate
残余应力 residual stress 套筒 sleeve
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扭力 torsion
冷加工 cold machining 电动机 electromotor 汽缸 cylinder
过盈配合 interference fit 热加工 hotwork
摄像头 CCD camera 倒角 rounding chamfer 优化设计 optimal design
工业造型设计 industrial moulding design 有限元 finite element 滚齿 hobbing
插齿 gear shaping
伺服电机 actuating motor 铣床 milling machine 钻床 drill machine 镗床 boring machine 步进电机 stepper motor 丝杠 screw rod 导轨 lead rail
组件 subassembly
可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining
电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图 phase diagram 热处理 heat treatment
固态相变 solid state phase changes 有色金属 nonferrous metal 陶瓷 ceramics
合成纤维 synthetic fibre
电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector
变速器 speed changer
板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop
工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock
数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing
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投影 projection 视图 view
剖视图 profile chart
标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing
装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity
内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section
疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture
塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer
直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack
蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
共轭曲线 conjugate curve 范成法 generation method 定义域 definitional domain 值域 range
导数\\\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation
定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral 曲率 curvature
偏微分 partial differential 毛坯 rough
游标卡尺 slide caliper
千分尺 micrometer calipers 攻丝 tap
二阶行列式 second order determinant
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逆矩阵 inverse matrix
线性方程组 linear equations 概率 probability
随机变量 random variable
排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy 势能 potential energy
机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum 桁架 truss 轴线 axes
余子式 cofactor
逻辑电路 logic circuit 触发器 flip-flop
脉冲波形 pulse shape 数模 digital analogy
液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism 机械零件 mechanical parts 淬火冷却 quench 淬火 hardening 回火 tempering
调质 hardening and tempering 磨粒 abrasive grain 结合剂 bonding agent 砂轮 grinding wheel
Assembly line 组装线 Layout 布置图
Conveyer 流水线物料板 Rivet table 拉钉机 Rivet gun 拉钉 Screw driver 起子
Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子 worktable 工作桌 OOBA 开箱检查
fit together 组装在一起 fasten 锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet 栈板 barcode 条码
barcode scanner 条码扫描器 fuse together 熔合 fuse machine热熔机
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repair修理
operator作业员 QC品管
supervisor 课长 ME 制造工程师 MT 制造生技
cosmetic inspect 外观检查 inner parts inspect 内部检查 thumb screw 大头螺丝 lbs. inch 镑、英寸 EMI gasket 导电条 front plate 前板 rear plate 后板 chassis 基座
bezel panel 面板
power button 电源按键 reset button 重置键
Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试
Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts 塑胶件 SOP 制造作业程序
material check list 物料检查表 work cell 工作间 trolley 台车 carton 纸箱 sub-line 支线 left fork 叉车
personnel resource department 人力资源部 production department生产部门 planning department企划部 QC Section品管科
stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂
common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手
hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床
planer |plein|刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床
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linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机
staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长
general manager总经理
special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长
department director
deputy manager | =vice manager副理 section supervisor课长
deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 assistant manager助理
to move, to carry, to handle搬运 be put in storage入库 pack packing包装 to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection终检
to connect material接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台 Tiana天那水
cleaning cloth抹布 to load material上料 to unload material卸料
to return material/stock to退料 scraped |\\\\'skr?pid|报废 scrape ..v.刮;削
deficient purchase来料不良 manufacture procedure制程
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 oxidation |\\\\' ksi\\\\'dei?n|氧化 scratch刮伤 dents压痕
defective upsiding down抽芽不良 defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块
feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲 production capacity生产力
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education and training教育与训练 proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件 forklift叉车
trailer=long vehicle拖板车 compound die合模 die locker锁模器
pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓
administration/general affairs dept总务部 automatic screwdriver电动启子 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器
defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 location地点
present members出席人员 subject主题 conclusion结论
decision items决议事项
responsible department负责单位 pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日
approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办
PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表 model机锺
work order工令 revision版次 remark备注
production control confirmation生产确认 checked by初审 approved by核准 department部门
stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表 on-hand inventory现有库存 available material良品可使用 obsolete material良品已呆滞
to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工 total合计
cause description原因说明 part number/ P/N 料号 type形态
item/group/class类别
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quality品质
prepared by制表 notes说明
year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表
physical inventory盘点数量
physical count quantity帐面数量 difference quantity差异量 cause analysis原因分析 raw materials原料 materials物料
finished product成品
semi-finished product半成品 packing materials包材
good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品 defective product/non-good parts不良品 disposed goods处理品 warehouse/hub仓库 on way location在途仓 oversea location海外仓
spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单 spare molds location模具备品仓 skid/pallet栈板 tox machine自铆机 wire EDM线割 EDM放电机 coil stock卷料 sheet stock片料 tolerance工差
score=groove压线 cam block滑块 pilot导正筒 trim剪外边 pierce剪内边 drag form压锻差
pocket for the punch head挂钩槽 slug hole废料孔 feature die公母模
expansion dwg展开图 radius半径
shim(wedge)楔子
torch-flame cut火焰切割 set screw止付螺丝 form block折刀 stop pin定位销
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round pierce punch=die button圆冲子 shape punch=die insert异形子 stock locater block定位块
under cut=scrap chopper清角 active plate活动板 baffle plate挡块 cover plate盖板 male die公模 female die母模
groove punch压线冲子
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆 spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板 bushing block衬套 insert 入块
club car高尔夫球车 capability能力 parameter参数 factor系数
phosphate皮膜化成 viscosity涂料粘度 alkalidipping脱脂
main manifold主集流脉 bezel斜视规 blanking穿落模 dejecting顶固模
demagnetization去磁;消磁
high-speed transmission高速传递 heat dissipation热传 rack上料 degrease脱脂 rinse水洗
alkaline etch龄咬 desmut剥黑膜 D.I. rinse纯水次 Chromate铬酸处理 Anodize阳性处理 seal封孔 revision版次
part number/P/N料号 good products良品
scraped products报放心品 defective products不良品 finished products成品 disposed products处理品 barcode条码
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flow chart流程表单 assembly组装 stamping冲压 molding成型
spare parts=buffer备品 coordinate座标
dismantle the die折模 auxiliary fuction辅助功能 poly-line多义线
heater band 加热片 thermocouple热电偶 sand blasting喷沙 grit 砂砾
derusting machine除锈机 degate打浇口 dryer烘干机 induction感应
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应 ram连杆
edge finder巡边器 concave凸 convex凹
short射料不足 nick缺口 speck瑕?? shine亮班 splay 银纹 gas mark焦痕 delamination起鳞 cold slug冷块 blush 导色
gouge沟槽;凿槽
satin texture段面咬花 witness line证示线 patent专利 grit沙砾
granule=peuet=grain细粒 grit maker抽粒机 cushion缓冲
magnalium镁铝合金 magnesium镁金 metal plate钣金 lathe车 mill锉
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plane刨 grind磨 drill铝 boring镗 blinster气泡 fillet镶;嵌边
through-hole form通孔形式 voller pin formality滚针形式 cam driver铡楔 shank摸柄
crank shaft曲柄轴
augular offset角度偏差 velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状 torque扭矩
spline=the multiple keys花键 quenching淬火 tempering回火 annealing退火 carbonization碳化
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 moly high speed steel钼高速的 organic solvent有机溶剂 bracket小磁导 liaison联络单 volatile挥发性 resistance电阻 ion离子
titrator滴定仪 beacon警示灯 coolant冷却液 crusher破碎机
阿基米德蜗杆 Archimedes worm
安全系数 safety factor; factor of safety 安全载荷 safe load 凹面、凹度 concavity 扳手 wrench
板簧 flat leaf spring 半圆键 woodruff key 变形 deformation 摆杆 oscillating bar
摆动从动件 oscillating follower
摆动从动件凸轮机构 cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构 oscillating guide-bar mechanism
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摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear
摆线齿形 cycloidal tooth profile 摆线运动规律 cycloidal motion 摆线针轮 cycloidal-pin wheel 包角 angle of contact 保持架 cage
背对背安装 back-to-back arrangement 背锥 back cone ； normal cone 背锥角 back angle
背锥距 back cone distance 比例尺 scale
比热容 specific heat capacity 闭式链 closed kinematic chain 闭链机构 closed chain mechanism 臂部 arm
变频器 frequency converters
变频调速 frequency control of motor speed 变速 speed change
变速齿轮 change gear change wheel 变位齿轮 modified gear
变位系数 modification coefficient 标准齿轮 standard gear
标准直齿轮 standard spur gear
表面质量系数 superficial mass factor
表面传热系数 surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度 surface roughness
并联式组合 combination in parallel 并联机构 parallel mechanism
并联组合机构 parallel combined mechanism 并行工程 concurrent engineering 并行设计 concurred design, CD
不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance 不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance) 不平衡量 amount of unbalance
不完全齿轮机构 intermittent gearing 波发生器 wave generator 波数 number of waves 补偿 compensation
参数化设计 parameterization design, PD 残余应力 residual stress
操纵及控制装置 operation control device 槽轮 Geneva wheel
槽轮机构 Geneva mechanism ； Maltese cross 槽数 Geneva numerate
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槽凸轮 groove cam 侧隙 backlash
差动轮系 differential gear train
差动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism 差速器 differential
常用机构 conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床 lathe
承载量系数 bearing capacity factor 承载能力 bearing capacity 成对安装 paired mounting 尺寸系列 dimension series 齿槽 tooth space 齿槽宽 spacewidth 齿侧间隙 backlash 齿顶高 addendum
齿顶圆 addendum circle 齿根高 dedendum
齿根圆 dedendum circle 齿厚 tooth thickness 齿距 circular pitch 齿宽 face width 齿廓 tooth profile 齿廓曲线 tooth curve 齿轮 gear
齿轮变速箱 speed-changing gear boxes 齿轮齿条机构 pinion and rack
齿轮插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀 hob ,hobbing cutter 齿轮机构 gear 齿轮轮坯 blank
齿轮传动系 pinion unit 齿轮联轴器 gear coupling 齿条传动 rack gear 齿数 tooth number 齿数比 gear ratio 齿条 rack
齿条插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链 silent chain 齿形系数 form factor
齿式棘轮机构 tooth ratchet mechanism 插齿机 gear shaper
重合点 coincident points 重合度 contact ratio 冲床 punch
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传动比 transmission ratio, speed ratio 传动装置 gearing; transmission gear 传动系统 driven system 传动角 transmission angle 传动轴 transmission shaft
串联式组合 combination in series
串联式组合机构 series combined mechanism 串级调速 cascade speed control 创新 innovation creation 创新设计 creation design
垂直载荷、法向载荷 normal load 唇形橡胶密封 lip rubber seal
磁流体轴承 magnetic fluid bearing 从动带轮 driven pulley
从动件 driven link, follower
从动件平底宽度 width of flat-face 从动件停歇 follower dwell
从动件运动规律 follower motion 从动轮 driven gear 粗线 bold line
粗牙螺纹 coarse thread 大齿轮 gear wheel 打包机 packer 打滑 slipping
带传动 belt driving 带轮 belt pulley
带式制动器 band brake
单列轴承 single row bearing
单向推力轴承 single-direction thrust bearing 单万向联轴节 single universal joint 单位矢量 unit vector
当量齿轮 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear
当量齿数 equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth 当量摩擦系数 equivalent coefficient of friction 当量载荷 equivalent load 刀具 cutter 导数 derivative 倒角 chamfer
导热性 conduction of heat 导程 lead
导程角 lead angle
等加等减速运动规律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion
等速运动规律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion
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等径凸轮 conjugate yoke radial cam 等宽凸轮 constant-breadth cam 等效构件 equivalent link 等效力 equivalent force
等效力矩 equivalent moment of force 等效量 equivalent
等效质量 equivalent mass
等效转动惯量 equivalent moment of inertia 等效动力学模型 dynamically equivalent model 底座 chassis 低副 lower pair
点划线 chain dotted line （疲劳）点蚀 pitting 垫圈 gasket
垫片密封 gasket seal
碟形弹簧 belleville spring 顶隙 bottom clearance
定轴轮系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学 dynamics
动密封 kinematical seal 动能 dynamic energy
动力粘度 dynamic viscosity 动力润滑 dynamic lubrication 动平衡 dynamic balance
动平衡机 dynamic balancing machine 动态特性 dynamic characteristics
动态分析设计 dynamic analysis design 动压力 dynamic reaction 动载荷 dynamic load 端面 transverse plane
端面参数 transverse parameters 端面齿距 transverse circular pitch 端面齿廓 transverse tooth profile 端面重合度 transverse contact ratio 端面模数 transverse module
端面压力角 transverse pressure angle 锻造 forge
对称循环应力 symmetry circulating stress
对心滚子从动件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower
对心直动从动件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower 对心移动从动件 radial reciprocating follower
对心曲柄滑块机构 in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承 multi-row bearing 多楔带 poly V-belt
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多项式运动规律 polynomial motion 多质量转子 rotor with several masses 惰轮 idle gear
额定寿命 rating life 额定载荷 load rating II 级杆组 dyad
发生线 generating line 发生面 generating plane 法面 normal plane
法面参数 normal parameters 法面齿距 normal circular pitch 法面模数 normal module
法面压力角 normal pressure angle 法向齿距 normal pitch
法向齿廓 normal tooth profile
法向直廓蜗杆 straight sided normal worm 法向力 normal force
反馈式组合 feedback combining
反向运动学 inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法 kinematic inversion 反正切 Arctan
范成法 generating cutting 仿形法 form cutting
方案设计、概念设计 concept design, CD 防振装置 shockproof device 飞轮 flywheel
飞轮矩 moment of flywheel 非标准齿轮 nonstandard gear 非接触式密封 non-contact seal
非周期性速度波动 aperiodic speed fluctuation 非圆齿轮 non-circular gear 粉末合金 powder metallurgy
分度线 reference line; standard pitch line
分度圆 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角 lead angle at reference cylinder 分度圆柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder 分母 denominator 分子 numerator
分度圆锥 reference cone; standard pitch cone 分析法 analytical method
封闭差动轮系 planetary differential 复合铰链 compound hinge
复合式组合 compound combining
复合轮系 compound (or combined) gear train
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复合平带 compound flat belt 复合应力 combined stress
复式螺旋机构 Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构 complex mechanism 杆组 Assur group 干涉 interference
刚度系数 stiffness coefficient 刚轮 rigid circular spline 钢丝软轴 wire soft shaft
刚体导引机构 body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击 rigid impulse (shock) 刚性转子 rigid rotor 刚性轴承 rigid bearing 刚性联轴器 rigid coupling 高度系列 height series 高速带 high speed belt 高副 higher pair
格拉晓夫定理 Grashoff`s law 根切 undercutting
公称直径 nominal diameter 高度系列 height series 功 work
工况系数 application factor 工艺设计 technological design
工作循环图 working cycle diagram 工作机构 operation mechanism 工作载荷 external loads 工作空间 working space 工作应力 working stress
工作阻力 effective resistance
工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment 公法线 common normal line 公共约束 general constraint 公制齿轮 metric gears 功率 power
功能分析设计 function analyses design 共轭齿廓 conjugate profiles 共轭凸轮 conjugate cam 构件 link
鼓风机 blower
固定构件 fixed link; frame 固体润滑剂 solid lubricant
关节型操作器 jointed manipulator 惯性力 inertia force
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惯性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡 balance of shaking force
惯性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force 惯性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩 resultant moment of inertia 惯性主失 resultant vector of inertia 冠轮 crown gear
广义机构 generation mechanism 广义坐标 generalized coordinate 轨迹生成 path generation 轨迹发生器 path generator 滚刀 hob
滚道 raceway
滚动体 rolling element 滚动轴承 rolling bearing
滚动轴承代号 rolling bearing identification code 滚针 needle roller
滚针轴承 needle roller bearing 滚子 roller
滚子轴承 roller bearing 滚子半径 radius of roller 滚子从动件 roller follower 滚子链 roller chain
滚子链联轴器 double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆 ball screw
滚柱式单向超越离合器 roller clutch 过度切割 undercutting
函数发生器 function generator 函数生成 function generation 含油轴承 oil bearing 耗油量 oil consumption
耗油量系数 oil consumption factor 赫兹公式 H. Hertz equation
合成弯矩 resultant bending moment 合力 resultant force
合力矩 resultant moment of force 黑箱 black box 横坐标 abscissa
互换性齿轮 interchangeable gears 花键 spline
滑键、导键 feather key 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 滑动率 sliding ratio 滑块 slider
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环面蜗杆 toroid helicoids worm 环形弹簧 annular spring
缓冲装置 shocks; shock-absorber 灰铸铁 grey cast iron 回程 return
回转体平衡 balance of rotors 混合轮系 compound gear train 积分 integrate
机电一体化系统设计 mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构 mechanism
机构分析 analysis of mechanism 机构平衡 balance of mechanism 机构学 mechanism
机构运动设计 kinematic design of mechanism 机构运动简图 kinematic sketch of mechanism 机构综合 synthesis of mechanism 机构组成 constitution of mechanism 机架 frame, fixed link
机架变换 kinematic inversion 机器 machine 机器人 robot
机器人操作器 manipulator 机器人学 robotics
技术过程 technique process
技术经济评价 technical and economic evaluation 技术系统 technique system 机械 machinery
机械创新设计 mechanical creation design, MCD 机械系统设计 mechanical system design, MSD 机械动力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery 机械动力设计 dynamic design of machinery 机械动力学 dynamics of machinery
机械的现代设计 modern machine design 机械系统 mechanical system 机械利益 mechanical advantage 机械平衡 balance of machinery 机械手 manipulator
机械设计 machine design; mechanical design 机械特性 mechanical behavior
机械调速 mechanical speed governors 机械效率 mechanical efficiency
机械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms 机械运转不均匀系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速 mechanical stepless speed changes
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基础机构 fundamental mechanism 基本额定寿命 basic rating life
基于实例设计 case-based design,CBD 基圆 base circle
基圆半径 radius of base circle 基圆齿距 base pitch
基圆压力角 pressure angle of base circle 基圆柱 base cylinder 基圆锥 base cone
急回机构 quick-return mechanism 急回特性 quick-return characteristics 急回系数 advance-to return-time ratio 急回运动 quick-return motion 棘轮 ratchet
棘轮机构 ratchet mechanism 棘爪 pawl
极限位置 extreme (or limiting) position
极位夹角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计 computer aided design, CAD
计算机辅助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM
计算机集成制造系统 computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩 calculated bending moment 加权系数 weighting efficient 加速度 acceleration
加速度分析 acceleration analysis 加速度曲线 acceleration diagram 尖点 pointing; cusp
尖底从动件 knife-edge follower 间隙 backlash
间歇运动机构 intermittent motion mechanism 减速比 reduction ratio
减速齿轮、减速装置 reduction gear 减速器 speed reducer
减摩性 anti-friction quality 渐开螺旋面 involute helicoid 渐开线 involute
渐开线齿廓 involute profile 渐开线齿轮 involute gear
渐开线发生线 generating line of involute 渐开线方程 involute equation 渐开线函数 involute function 渐开线蜗杆 involute worm
渐开线压力角 pressure angle of involute
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渐开线花键 involute spline
简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 键 key
键槽 keyway
交变应力 repeated stress
交变载荷 repeated fluctuating load 交叉带传动 cross-belt drive
交错轴斜齿轮 crossed helical gears 胶合 scoring
角加速度 angular acceleration 角速度 angular velocity
角速比 angular velocity ratio
角接触球轴承 angular contact ball bearing
角接触推力轴承 angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承 angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承 angular contact bearing 铰链、枢纽 hinge
校正平面 correcting plane 接触应力 contact stress 接触式密封 contact seal
阶梯轴 multi-diameter shaft 结构 structure
结构设计 structural design 截面 section 节点 pitch point
节距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth 节线 pitch line 节圆 pitch circle
节圆齿厚 thickness on pitch circle 节圆直径 pitch diameter 节圆锥 pitch cone
节圆锥角 pitch cone angle 解析设计 analytical design 紧边 tight-side 紧固件 fastener
径节 diametral pitch 径向 radial direction
径向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent radial load 径向当量静载荷 static equivalent radial load
径向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷 basic static radial load tating 径向接触轴承 radial contact bearing 径向平面 radial plane
径向游隙 radial internal clearance
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径向载荷 radial load
径向载荷系数 radial load factor 径向间隙 clearance 静力 static force
静平衡 static balance 静载荷 static load 静密封 static seal
局部自由度 passive degree of freedom 矩阵 matrix
矩形螺纹 square threaded form 锯齿形螺纹 buttress thread form
矩形牙嵌式离合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数 absolute dimensional factor 绝对运动 absolute motion 绝对速度 absolute velocity
均衡装置 load balancing mechanism 抗压强度 compression strength 开口传动 open-belt drive 开式链 open kinematic chain 开链机构 open chain mechanism 可靠度 degree of reliability 可靠性 reliability
可靠性设计 reliability design, RD 空气弹簧 air spring
空间机构 spatial mechanism 空间连杆机构 spatial linkage 空间凸轮机构 spatial cam
空间运动副 spatial kinematic pair 空间运动链 spatial kinematic chain 空转 idle
宽度系列 width series 框图 block diagram
雷诺方程 Reynolds‘s equation 离心力 centrifugal force 离心应力 centrifugal stress 离合器 clutch
离心密封 centrifugal seal 理论廓线 pitch curve
理论啮合线 theoretical line of action 隶属度 membership 力 force
力多边形 force polygon
力封闭型凸轮机构 force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩 moment
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力平衡 equilibrium 力偶 couple
力偶矩 moment of couple 连杆 connecting rod, coupler 连杆机构 linkage
连杆曲线 coupler-curve 连心线 line of centers 链 chain
链传动装置 chain gearing
链轮 sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel 联组 V 带 tight-up V belt
联轴器 coupling shaft coupling 两维凸轮 two-dimensional cam 临界转速 critical speed 六杆机构 six-bar linkage
龙门刨床 double Haas planer 轮坯 blank
轮系 gear train 螺杆 screw
螺距 thread pitch 螺母 screw nut
螺旋锥齿轮 helical bevel gear 螺钉 screws 螺栓 bolts 螺纹导程 lead
螺纹效率 screw efficiency 螺旋传动 power screw 螺旋密封 spiral seal
螺纹 thread (of a screw) 螺旋副 helical pair
螺旋机构 screw mechanism 螺旋角 helix angle
螺旋线 helix ,helical line
绿色设计 green design design for environment 马耳他机构 Geneva wheel Geneva gear 马耳他十字 Maltese cross
脉动无级变速 pulsating stepless speed changes 脉动循环应力 fluctuating circulating stress 脉动载荷 fluctuating load 铆钉 rivet
迷宫密封 labyrinth seal 密封 seal
密封带 seal belt 密封胶 seal gum
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密封元件 potted component 密封装置 sealing arrangement
面对面安装 face-to-face arrangement
面向产品生命周期设计 design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力 nominal stress 模块化设计 modular design, MD 模块式传动系统 modular system 模幅箱 morphology box 模糊集 fuzzy set
模糊评价 fuzzy evaluation 模数 module 摩擦 friction
摩擦角 friction angle 摩擦力 friction force
摩擦学设计 tribology design, TD 摩擦阻力 frictional resistance 摩擦力矩 friction moment
摩擦系数 coefficient of friction 摩擦圆 friction circle
磨损 abrasion wear; scratching 末端执行器 end-effector 目标函数 objective function 耐腐蚀性 corrosion resistance 耐磨性 wear resistance
挠性机构 mechanism with flexible elements 挠性转子 flexible rotor 内齿轮 internal gear 内齿圈 ring gear 内力 internal force 内圈 inner ring 能量 energy
能量指示图 viscosity
逆时针 counterclockwise (or anticlockwise) 啮出 engaging-out
啮合 engagement, mesh, gearing 啮合点 contact points
啮合角 working pressure angle 啮合线 line of action
啮合线长度 length of line of action 啮入 engaging-in 牛头刨床 shaper
凝固点 freezing point; solidifying point 扭转应力 torsion stress 扭矩 moment of torque
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扭簧 helical torsion spring 诺模图 Nomogram
O 形密封圈密封 O ring seal 盘形凸轮 disk cam
盘形转子 disk-like rotor 抛物线运动 parabolic motion 疲劳极限 fatigue limit
疲劳强度 fatigue strength 偏置式 offset
偏 ( 心 ) 距 offset distance 偏心率 eccentricity ratio 偏心质量 eccentric mass 偏距圆 offset circle 偏心盘 eccentric
偏置滚子从动件 offset roller follower
偏置尖底从动件 offset knife-edge follower
偏置曲柄滑块机构 offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接 matching
评价与决策 evaluation and decision 频率 frequency 平带 flat belt
平带传动 flat belt driving 平底从动件 flat-face follower 平底宽度 face width 平分线 bisector
平均应力 average stress
平均中径 mean screw diameter 平均速度 average velocity 平衡 balance
平衡机 balancing machine 平衡品质 balancing quality 平衡平面 correcting plane 平衡质量 balancing mass 平衡重 counterweight 平衡转速 balancing speed 平面副 planar pair, flat pair 平面机构 planar mechanism
平面运动副 planar kinematic pair 平面连杆机构 planar linkage 平面凸轮 planar cam
平面凸轮机构 planar cam mechanism 平面轴斜齿轮 parallel helical gears 普通平键 parallel key
其他常用机构 other mechanism in common use
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起动阶段 starting period 启动力矩 starting torque
气动机构 pneumatic mechanism 奇异位置 singular position
起始啮合点 initial contact , beginning of contact 气体轴承 gas bearing 千斤顶 jack
嵌入键 sunk key
强迫振动 forced vibration 切齿深度 depth of cut 曲柄 crank
曲柄存在条件 Grashoff`s law
曲柄导杆机构 crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism 曲柄滑块机构 slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构 crank-rocker mechanism 曲齿锥齿轮 spiral bevel gear 曲率 curvature
曲率半径 radius of curvature 曲面从动件 curved-shoe follower 曲线拼接 curve matching 曲线运动 curvilinear motion 曲轴 crank shaft 驱动力 driving force
驱动力矩 driving moment (torque) 全齿高 whole depth 权重集 weight sets 球 ball
球面滚子 convex roller 球轴承 ball bearing 球面副 spheric pair
球面渐开线 spherical involute 球面运动 spherical motion 球销副 sphere-pin pair
球坐标操作器 polar coordinate manipulator 燃点 spontaneous ignition
热平衡 heat balance; thermal equilibrium 人字齿轮 herringbone gear
冗余自由度 redundant degree of freedom 柔轮 flexspline
柔性冲击 flexible impulse; soft shock
柔性制造系统 flexible manufacturing system; FMS 柔性自动化 flexible automation 润滑油膜 lubricant film
润滑装置 lubrication device
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润滑 lubrication 润滑剂 lubricant
三角形花键 serration spline 三角形螺纹 V thread screw
三维凸轮 three-dimensional cam 三心定理 Kennedy`s theorem
砂轮越程槽 grinding wheel groove 砂漏 hour-glass
少齿差行星传动 planetary drive with small teeth difference 设计方法学 design methodology 设计变量 design variable 设计约束 design constraints
深沟球轴承 deep groove ball bearing 生产阻力 productive resistance 升程 rise 升距 lift
实际廓线 cam profile
十字滑块联轴器 double slider coupling; Oldham‘s coupling 矢量 vector
输出功 output work 输出构件 output link
输出机构 output mechanism 输出力矩 output torque 输出轴 output shaft 输入构件 input link
数学模型 mathematic model 实际啮合线 actual line of action
双滑块机构 double-slider mechanism, ellipsograph 双曲柄机构 double crank mechanism 双曲面齿轮 hyperboloid gear 双头螺柱 studs
双万向联轴节 constant-velocity (or double) universal joint 双摇杆机构 double rocker mechanism 双转块机构 Oldham coupling 双列轴承 double row bearing
双向推力轴承 double-direction thrust bearing 松边 slack-side 顺时针 clockwise
瞬心 instantaneous center 死点 dead point
四杆机构 four-bar linkage 速度 velocity
速度不均匀 ( 波动 ) 系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation 速度波动 speed fluctuation
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速度曲线 velocity diagram
速度瞬心 instantaneous center of velocity 塔轮 step pulley 踏板 pedal 台钳、虎钳 vice 太阳轮 sun gear
弹性滑动 elasticity sliding motion
弹性联轴器 elastic coupling flexible coupling
弹性套柱销联轴器 rubber-cushioned sleeve bearing coupling 套筒 sleeve
梯形螺纹 acme thread form
特殊运动链 special kinematic chain 特性 characteristics
替代机构 equivalent mechanism 调节 modulation, regulation
调心滚子轴承 self-aligning roller bearing 调心球轴承 self-aligning ball bearing 调心轴承 self-aligning bearing 调速 speed governing
调速电动机 adjustable speed motors 调速系统 speed control system 调压调速 variable voltage control 调速器 regulator, governor 铁磁流体密封 ferrofluid seal 停车阶段 stopping phase 停歇 dwell
同步带 synchronous belt
同步带传动 synchronous belt drive 凸的，凸面体 convex 凸轮 cam
凸轮倒置机构 inverse cam mechanism 凸轮机构 cam , cam mechanism 凸轮廓线 cam profile
凸轮廓线绘制 layout of cam profile 凸轮理论廓线 pitch curve 凸缘联轴器 flange coupling 图册、图谱 atlas
图解法 graphical method 推程 rise
推力球轴承 thrust ball bearing 推力轴承 thrust bearing
退刀槽 tool withdrawal groove 退火 anneal
陀螺仪 gyroscope
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V 带 V belt
外力 external force 外圈 outer ring
外形尺寸 boundary dimension
万向联轴器 Hooks coupling universal coupling 外齿轮 external gear 弯曲应力 beading stress 弯矩 bending moment 腕部 wrist
往复移动 reciprocating motion 往复式密封 reciprocating seal 网上设计 on-net design, OND
微动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism 位移 displacement
位移曲线 displacement diagram
位姿 pose , position and orientation 稳定运转阶段 steady motion period 稳健设计 robust design 蜗杆 worm
蜗杆传动机构 worm gearing 蜗杆头数 number of threads 蜗杆直径系数 diametral quotient 蜗杆蜗轮机构 worm and worm gear
蜗杆形凸轮步进机构 worm cam interval mechanism 蜗杆旋向 hands of worm 蜗轮 worm gear
涡圈形盘簧 power spring
无级变速装置 stepless speed changes devices 无穷大 infinite
系杆 crank arm, planet carrier 现场平衡 field balancing 向心轴承 radial bearing 向心力 centrifugal force 相对速度 relative velocity 相对运动 relative motion 相对间隙 relative gap 象限 quadrant 橡皮泥 plasticine
细牙螺纹 fine threads 销 pin
消耗 consumption 小齿轮 pinion
小径 minor diameter 橡胶弹簧 balata spring
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修正梯形加速度运动规律 modified trapezoidal acceleration motion 修正正弦加速度运动规律 modified sine acceleration motion 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical gear 斜键、钩头楔键 taper key 泄漏 leakage
谐波齿轮 harmonic gear 谐波传动 harmonic driving
谐波发生器 harmonic generator
斜齿轮的当量直齿轮 equivalent spur gear of the helical gear 心轴 spindle
行程速度变化系数 coefficient of travel speed variation 行程速比系数 advance-to return-time ratio 行星齿轮装置 planetary transmission 行星轮 planet gear
行星轮变速装置 planetary speed changing devices 行星轮系 planetary gear train
形封闭凸轮机构 positive-drive (or form-closed) cam mechanism 虚拟现实 virtual reality
虚拟现实技术 virtual reality technology, VRT 虚拟现实设计 virtual reality design, VRD 虚约束 redundant (or passive) constraint 许用不平衡量 allowable amount of unbalance 许用压力角 allowable pressure angle
许用应力 allowable stress; permissible stress 悬臂结构 cantilever structure 悬臂梁 cantilever beam
循环功率流 circulating power load 旋转力矩 running torque 旋转式密封 rotating seal 旋转运动 rotary motion 选型 type selection 压力 pressure
压力中心 center of pressure 压缩机 compressor
压应力 compressive stress 压力角 pressure angle
牙嵌式联轴器 jaw (teeth) positive-contact coupling 雅可比矩阵 Jacobi matrix 摇杆 rocker
液力传动 hydrodynamic drive 液力耦合器 hydraulic couplers 液体弹簧 liquid spring
液压无级变速 hydraulic stepless speed changes 液压机构 hydraulic mechanism
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一般化运动链 generalized kinematic chain 移动从动件 reciprocating follower 移动副 prismatic pair, sliding pair 移动关节 prismatic joint 移动凸轮 wedge cam
盈亏功 increment or decrement work 应力幅 stress amplitude
应力集中 stress concentration
应力集中系数 factor of stress concentration 应力图 stress diagram
应力 — 应变图 stress-strain diagram 优化设计 optimal design 油杯 oil bottle 油壶 oil can
油沟密封 oily ditch seal
有害阻力 useless resistance 有益阻力 useful resistance 有效拉力 effective tension
有效圆周力 effective circle force 有害阻力 detrimental resistance
余弦加速度运动 cosine acceleration (or simple harmonic) motion 预紧力 preload
原动机 primer mover 圆带 round belt
圆带传动 round belt drive 圆弧齿厚 circular thickness
圆弧圆柱蜗杆 hollow flank worm 圆角半径 fillet radius
圆盘摩擦离合器 disc friction clutch 圆盘制动器 disc brake 原动机 prime mover
原始机构 original mechanism 圆形齿轮 circular gear 圆柱滚子 cylindrical roller
圆柱滚子轴承 cylindrical roller bearing 圆柱副 cylindric pair
圆柱式凸轮步进运动机构 barrel (cylindric) cam
圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧 cylindroid helical-coil extension spring 圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧 cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring
圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧 cylindroid helical-coil compression spring 圆柱凸轮 cylindrical cam 圆柱蜗杆 cylindrical worm
圆柱坐标操作器 cylindrical coordinate manipulator
圆锥螺旋扭转弹簧 conoid helical-coil compression spring
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圆锥滚子 tapered roller
圆锥滚子轴承 tapered roller bearing 圆锥齿轮机构 bevel gears 圆锥角 cone angle 原动件 driving link 约束 constraint
约束条件 constraint condition 约束反力 constraining force 跃度 jerk
跃度曲线 jerk diagram
运动倒置 kinematic inversion
运动方案设计 kinematic precept design 运动分析 kinematic analysis 运动副 kinematic pair 运动构件 moving link
运动简图 kinematic sketch 运动链 kinematic chain 运动失真 undercutting
运动设计 kinematic design 运动周期 cycle of motion
运动综合 kinematic synthesis
运转不均匀系数 coefficient of velocity fluctuation 运动粘度 kenematic viscosity 载荷 load
载荷 — 变形曲线 load—deformation curve 载荷 — 变形图 load—deformation diagram 窄 V 带 narrow V belt 毡圈密封 felt ring seal 展成法 generating 张紧力 tension
张紧轮 tension pulley 振动 vibration
振动力矩 shaking couple
振动频率 frequency of vibration 振幅 amplitude of vibration 正切机构 tangent mechanism
正向运动学 direct (forward) kinematics 正弦机构 sine generator, scotch yoke 织布机 loom
正应力、法向应力 normal stress 制动器 brake
直齿圆柱齿轮 spur gear
直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 直角三角形 right triangle
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直角坐标操作器 Cartesian coordinate manipulator 直径系数 diametral quotient 直径系列 diameter series 直廓环面蜗杆 hindley worm 直线运动 linear motion 直轴 straight shaft 质量 mass
质心 center of mass
执行构件 executive link; working link 质径积 mass-radius product
智能化设计 intelligent design, ID 中间平面 mid-plane 中心距 center distance
中心距变动 center distance change 中心轮 central gear 中径 mean diameter
终止啮合点 final contact, end of contact 周节 pitch
周期性速度波动 periodic speed fluctuation 周转轮系 epicyclic gear train 肘形机构 toggle mechanism 轴 shaft
轴承盖 bearing cup 轴承合金 bearing alloy 轴承座 bearing block 轴承高度 bearing height 轴承宽度 bearing width
轴承内径 bearing bore diameter 轴承寿命 bearing life 轴承套圈 bearing ring
轴承外径 bearing outside diameter 轴颈 journal
轴瓦、轴承衬 bearing bush 轴端挡圈 shaft end ring 轴环 shaft collar 轴肩 shaft shoulder 轴角 shaft angle 轴向 axial direction
轴向齿廓 axial tooth profile
轴向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent axial load 轴向当量静载荷 static equivalent axial load
轴向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic axial load rating 轴向基本额定静载荷 basic static axial load rating 轴向接触轴承 axial contact bearing
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轴向平面 axial plane
轴向游隙 axial internal clearance 轴向载荷 axial load
轴向载荷系数 axial load factor 轴向分力 axial thrust load 主动件 driving link 主动齿轮 driving gear 主动带轮 driving pulley
转动导杆机构 whitworth mechanism 转动副 revolute (turning) pair
转速 swiveling speed rotating speed 转动关节 revolute joint 转轴 revolving shaft 转子 rotor
转子平衡 balance of rotor 装配条件 assembly condition 锥齿轮 bevel gear
锥顶 common apex of cone 锥距 cone distance
锥轮 bevel pulley; bevel wheel
锥齿轮的当量直齿轮 equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear 锥面包络圆柱蜗杆 milled helicoids worm 准双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear 子程序 subroutine
子机构 sub-mechanism 自动化 automation 自锁 self-locking
自锁条件 condition of self-locking 自由度 degree of freedom, mobility 总重合度 total contact ratio 总反力 resultant force
总效率 combined efficiency; overall efficiency 组成原理 theory of constitution 组合齿形 composite tooth form 组合安装 stack mounting
组合机构 combined mechanism 阻抗力 resistance
最大盈亏功 maximum difference work between plus and minus work 纵向重合度 overlap contact ratio 纵坐标 ordinate
组合机构 combined mechanism 最少齿数 minimum teeth number 最小向径 minimum radius 作用力 applied force
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坐标系 coordinate frame
3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔机 cnc milling machine CNC铣床 contouring machine 轮廓锯床 copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形车床
copy milling machine 仿形铣床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床 cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床 die spotting machine 合模机 drilling machine ?孔机 engraving machine 雕刻机
engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机 form grinding machine 成形磨床 graphite machine 石墨加工机 horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机 horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床
jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床 lap machine 研磨机 machine center 加工制造中心
multi model miller 靠磨铣床 NC drilling machine NC钻床 NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床
NC programming system NC程式制作系统 planer 龙门刨床 profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床 radial drilling machine 旋臂?床 shaper 牛头刨床 surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 试模机
turret lathe 转塔车床 universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床 vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机 barrel 滚筒(加工) bending 波纹加工 broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心
cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削
electric discharge machine 放电加工 electrolytic grinding 电解研磨 embossing 压花加工 facing 面车削
filing 锉刀修润 hand finishing 手工修润 hemming 卷边加工 hobbing 滚齿加工 joggling 摇动加工 lapping 抛光/研磨修润
laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 车床车削 planning 刨削加工 polishing 抛亮光
reaming 铰孔修润 rough machining 粗切削 rounding 圆形加工 sawing 锯削
scaling 清除钢碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工 skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切缝切削
taper turning 锥度车削 thread cutting 螺纹切削
ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆铣加工 alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢
bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢 clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢 emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力
forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板 hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢
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hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢
low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢
martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢 meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材
molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel 钼钢 nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢 silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢
tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 tough pitch copper 韧铜 troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel ?钢 vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板 acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培 angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧
argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条 butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲 cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属 filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接
gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核 overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割
pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接 resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接 seam 焊缝 seaming 接合
seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接 skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花
spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接
stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层 void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂
welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬 molding成型
spare parts=buffer备品 coordinate座标
dismantle the die折模
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auxiliary fuction辅助功能 poly-line多义线
heater band 加热片 thermocouple热电偶 sand blasting喷沙 grit 砂砾
derusting machine除锈机 degate打浇口 dryer烘干机 induction感应
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应 ram连杆
edge finder巡边器 concave凸 convex凹
short射料不足 nick缺口 speck瑕?? shine亮班 splay 银纹 gas mark焦痕 delamination起鳞 cold slug冷块 blush 导色
gouge沟槽;凿槽
satin texture段面咬花 witness line证示线 patent专利 grit沙砾
granule=peuet=grain细粒 grit maker抽粒机 cushion缓冲
magnalium镁铝合金 magnesium镁金 metal plate钣金 lathe车 mill锉 plane刨 grind磨 drill铝 boring镗 blinster气泡 fillet镶;嵌边
through-hole form通孔形式
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voller pin formality滚针形式 cam driver铡楔 shank摸柄
crank shaft曲柄轴
augular offset角度偏差 velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状 torque扭矩
spline=the multiple keys花键 quenching淬火 tempering回火 annealing退火 carbonization碳化
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 moly high speed steel钼高速的 organic solvent有机溶剂 bracket小磁导 liaison联络单 volatile挥发性 resistance电阻 ion离子
titrator滴定仪 beacon警示灯 coolant冷却液 crusher破碎机
点 dot
点阵间距；点阵间隔 lattice spacing 点焊接 spot welding
醛树脂；电玉 ureaformaldehyde (UF) 十八画
断面线 cross hatching line 断裂 fracture
断路掣 miniature circuit breaker (MCB) 柜 carcase
台夹；固定夹 bench holdfast 台阻 bench stop
台垫；垫板 bench hook 簧片 spring
简单齿轮系 simple gear train
简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 廿三画 纤维 fibre
纤维板 fibre board
纤维素醋酸酯 cellulose acetate (CA)
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变形；扭曲 distortion
变速系统 speed control system 变压器；火牛 transformer 逻辑状态 logic state 逻辑门 logic gate 髓线 medullary ray 体积 volume
鹬嘴钳 snipe nose pliers 廿四画
灵敏度 sensitivity 廿五画
镶边 lipping 廿六画 钻 drill
钻孔；钻削 drill; drilling 钻床 drilling machine 钻嘴 bit
钻头夹盘 drill chuck
钻头扳手 drill chuck key 凿 chisel
凿切 chiselling 凿身 chisel blade 其它
G 字夹 G clamp G 码 G code M 码 M code
PN 结 PN junction
PVC 胶；聚氯乙烯 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) T 尺；丁字尺 tee square T 字叉榫 tee bridle joint T 角榫 tee angle joint T 型接合 tee joint V 字板 V-board
V 形坑带和滑轮 vee belt and pulley V 形枕 V block
V 型槽座与钳 vee block & clamp Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图
Conveyer流水线物料板 Rivet table拉钉机 Rivet gun拉钉 Screw driver起子
Electric screw driver电动起子
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Pneumatic screw driver气动起子 worktable 工作桌 OOBA开箱检查
fit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet栈板 barcode条码
barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 fuse machine热熔机 repair修理 operator作业员 QC品管
supervisor 课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技
cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 EMI gasket导电条 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis 基座 bezel panel面板
power button电源按键 reset button重置键
Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键
sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序
material check list物料检查表 work cell工作间 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车
production department生产部门 planning department企划部 QC Section品管科
stamping factory冲压厂
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painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂
common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手
hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床
planer |'plein?|刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller铣床
linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机
staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长
general manager总经理
special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director
deputy manager | =vice manager副理 section supervisor课长
deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 assistant manager助理
to move, to carry, to handle搬运 be put in storage入库 pack packing包装 to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection终检 to connect material接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台 Tiana天那水
cleaning cloth抹布 to load material上料 to unload material卸料
to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skr?pid|报废 scrape ..v.刮;削
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deficient purchase来料不良 manufacture procedure制程
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 oxidation |' ksi'dei?n|氧化 scratch刮伤 dents压痕
defective upsiding down抽芽不良 defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块
feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲 production capacity生产力
education and training教育与训练 proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件 forklift叉车
trailer=long vehicle拖板车 compound die合模 die locker锁模器
pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓
name of a department部门名称
administration/general affairs dept总务部 automatic screwdriver电动启子 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器
defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 screwdriver holder起子插座 pedal踩踏板 stopper阻挡器 flow board流水板
hydraulic handjack油压板车 forklift叉车 pallet栈板 glove(s)手套
glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 thumb大拇指 forefinger食指 midfinger中指 ring finger无名指 little finger小指
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band-aid创可贴
iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 alcohol container沾湿台 head of screwdriver起子头 sweeper扫把 mop拖把
vaccum cleaner吸尘器 rag 抹布
garbage container灰箕 garbage can垃圾箱 garbage bag垃圾袋 chain链条 jack升降机
production line流水线 chain链条槽
magnetizer加磁器 lamp holder灯架 to mop the floor拖地 to clean the floor扫地 to clean a table擦桌子 air pipe 气管
packaging tool打包机 packaging打包 missing part漏件 wrong part错件
excessive defects过多的缺陷 critical defect极严重缺陷 major defect主要缺陷 minor defect次要缺陷
not up to standard不合规格
dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小) cosmetic defect外观不良
slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头 slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手 speckle斑点
mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉 rust生锈
deformation变形
burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边 poor staking铆合不良 excesssive gap间隙过大 grease/oil stains油污 inclusion杂质
painting peel off脏污
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shrinking/shrinkage缩水 mixed color杂色 scratch划伤
poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part事件不良 fold of pakaging belt打包带折皱 painting make-up补漆 discoloration羿色 water spots水渍
polishing/surface processing表面处理 exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露 lack of painting烤漆不到位 safety安全 quality品质
delivery deadline交货期 cost成本
engineering工程 die repair模修
enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划 QC品管
die worker模工
production, to produce生产 equipment设备 to start a press开机
stop/switch off a press关机 classification整理 regulation整顿 cleanness清扫 conservation清洁 culture教养
qualified products, up-to-grade products良品
defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品 waste废料 board看板 feeder送料机
sliding rack滑料架
defective product box不良品箱 die change 换模 to fix a die装模
to take apart a die拆模 to repair a die修模 packing material包材 basket蝴蝶竺 plastic basket胶筐
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isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板 carton box纸箱
to pull and stretch拉深
to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料 to impose lines压线
to compress, compressing压缩 character die字模 to feed, feeding送料 transportation运输
(be)qualfied, up to grade合格
not up to grade, not qualified不合格 material change, stock change材料变更 feature change 特性变更 evaluation评估
prepare for, make preparations for 准备 parameters参数
rotating speed, revolution转速
manufacture management制造管理 abnormal handling异常处理 production unit生产单位 lots of production生产批量 steel plate钢板 roll material卷料
manufacture procedure制程 operation procedure作业流程 to revise, modify修订
to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换 engineering, project difficulty 工程瓶颈
stage die工程模 automation自动化
to stake, staking, reviting铆合 add lubricating oil加润滑油 shut die架模
shut height of a die架模高度 analog-mode device类模器 die lifter举模器 argon welding氩焊 vocabulary for stamping 冲压常词汇
stamping, press冲压
punch press, dieing out press冲床 uncoiler & strainghtener整平机 feeder送料机
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rack, shelf, stack料架 cylinder油缸 robot机械手 taker取料机
conveyer belt输送带 transmission rack输送架 top stop上死点 bottom stop下死点 one stroke一行程 inch寸动
to continue, cont.连动 to grip(material)吸料
location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块 reset复位 smoothly顺利 dent压痕 scratch刮伤
deformation变形 filings铁削
to draw holes抽孔 inquiry, search for查寻
to stock, storage, in stock库存 receive领取
approval examine and verify审核 processing, to process加工 delivery, to deliver 交货 to return delivenry to. to send delinery back to retrn of goods退货 registration登记
registration card登记卡 to control管制
to put forward and hand in提报 safe stock安全库存
acceptance = receive验收 to notice通知
application form for purchase请购单 consume, consumption消耗 to fill in填写 abrasion磨损
reverse angle = chamfer倒角 character die字模
to collect, to gather收集 failure, trouble故障
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statistics统计
demand and supply需求 career card履历卡
to take apart a die卸下模具 to load a die装上模具 to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓 to looser a bolt拧松螺栓
to move away a die plate移走模板 easily damaged parts易损件 standard parts标准件
breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂 to lubricate润滑
common vocabulary for die engineering 模具工程常用词汇 die 模具
figure file, chart file图档
cutting die, blanking die冲裁模 progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模
compound die复合模 punched hole冲孔 panel board镶块
to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边 to bending折弯
to pull, to stretch拉伸
Line streching, line pulling线拉伸 engraving, to engrave刻印 upsiding down edges翻边 to stake铆合
designing, to design设计 design modification设计变化 die block模块
folded block折弯块 sliding block滑块 location pin定位销 lifting pin顶料销
die plate, front board模板 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座
upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品
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spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓
document folder文件夹 file folder资料夹
to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人
first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料
work in progress product在制品 casing = containerazation装箱
quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量 quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联
filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称
This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)
本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)
Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号 plate电镀 mold成型
material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料 not included in physical inventory不列入盘点 sample样品
incoming material to be inspected进货待验 description品名
steel/rolled steel钢材 material statistics sheet 物料统计明细表
meeting minutes会议记录 meeting type 会别
distribution department分发单位
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location地点 chairman
present members出席人员 subject主题 conclusion结论
decision items决议事项
responsible department负责单位 pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日
approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办 PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表 model机锺 work order工令 revision版次 remark备注
production control confirmation生产确认 checked by初审 approved by核准 department部门
stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表
on-hand inventory现有库存 available material良品可使用 obsolete material良品已呆滞 to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工 total合计
cause description原因说明 part number/ P/N 料号 type形态
item/group/class类别 quality品质 prepared by制表 notes说明
year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表
physical inventory盘点数量 physical count quantity帐面数量 difference quantity差异量 cause analysis原因分析 raw materials原料 materials物料
finished product成品
semi-finished product半成品
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packing materials包材
good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品 defective product/non-good parts不良品 disposed goods处理品 warehouse/hub仓库 on way location在途仓 oversea location海外仓
spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单 spare molds location模具备品仓 skid/pallet栈板 tox machine自铆机 wire EDM线割 EDM放电机 coil stock卷料 sheet stock片料 tolerance工差 score=groove压线 cam block滑块 pilot导正筒 trim剪外边 pierce剪内边 drag form压锻差
pocket for the punch head挂钩槽 slug hole废料孔 feature die公母模 expansion dwg展开图 radius半径
shim(wedge)楔子
torch-flame cut火焰切割 set screw止付螺丝 form block折刀 stop pin定位销
round pierce punch=die button圆冲子 shape punch=die insert异形子 stock locater block定位块 under cut=scrap chopper清角 active plate活动板 baffle plate挡块 cover plate盖板 male die公模 female die母模
groove punch压线冲子
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆 spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板
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bushing block衬套 insert 入块
club car高尔夫球车 capability能力 parameter参数 factor系数
phosphate皮膜化成 viscosity涂料粘度 alkalidipping脱脂
main manifold主集流脉 bezel斜视规 blanking穿落模 dejecting顶固模
demagnetization去磁;消磁
high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传 rack上料 degrease脱脂 rinse水洗
alkaline etch龄咬 desmut剥黑膜 D.I. rinse纯水次 Chromate铬酸处理 Anodize阳性处理 seal封孔 revision版次
part number/P/N料号 good products良品
scraped products报放心品 defective products不良品 finished products成品 disposed products处理品 barcode条码
flow chart流程表单 assembly组装 stamping冲压 molding成型
spare parts=buffer备品 coordinate座标
dismantle the die折模 auxiliary fuction辅助功能 poly-line多义线 heater band 加热片 thermocouple热电偶
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sand blasting喷沙 grit 砂砾
derusting machine除锈机 degate打浇口 dryer烘干机 induction感应
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应 ram连杆
edge finder巡边器 concave凸 convex凹
short射料不足 nick缺口 speck瑕?? shine亮班 splay 银纹 gas mark焦痕 delamination起鳞 cold slug冷块 blush 导色
gouge沟槽;凿槽
satin texture段面咬花 witness line证示线 patent专利 grit沙砾
granule=peuet=grain细粒 grit maker抽粒机 cushion缓冲
magnalium镁铝合金 magnesium镁金 metal plate钣金 lathe车 mill锉 plane刨 grind磨 drill铝 boring镗 blinster气泡 fillet镶;嵌边
through-hole form通孔形式 voller pin formality滚针形式 cam driver铡楔 shank摸柄
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crank shaft曲柄轴
augular offset角度偏差 velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状 torque扭矩
spline=the multiple keys花键 quenching淬火 tempering回火 annealing退火 carbonization碳化 alloy合金
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的 organic solvent有机溶剂 bracket小磁导 liaison联络单 volatile挥发性 resistance电阻 ion离子
titrator滴定仪 beacon警示灯 coolant冷却液 crusher破碎机 模具工程类 plain die简易模 pierce die冲孔模 forming die成型模 progressive die连续模 gang dies复合模 shearing die剪边模 riveting die铆合模 pierce冲孔
forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔 bending折弯 trim切边 emboss凸点 dome凸圆
semi-shearing半剪 stamp mark冲记号 deburr or coin压毛边 punch riveting冲压铆合 side stretch侧冲压平 reel stretch卷圆压平
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groove压线 blanking下料
stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断
tick-mark nearside正面压印 tick-mark farside反面压印 冲压名称类
extension dwg展开图 procedure dwg工程图
die structure dwg模具结构图 material材质
material thickness料片厚度 factor系数 upward向上 downward向下
press specification冲床规格 die height range适用模高 die height闭模高度 burr毛边 gap间隙 weight重量 total wt.总重量 punch wt.上模重量 五金零件类
inner guiding post内导柱
inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉 dowel pin固定销 coil spring弹簧 lifter pin顶料销
eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销
lifter guide pin浮升导料销 guide pin导正销 wire spring圆线弹簧 outer guiding post外导柱 stop screw止付螺丝 located pin定位销 outer bush外导套 模板类
top plate上托板（顶板） top block上垫脚 punch set上模座 punch pad上垫板 punch holder上夹板
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stripper pad脱料背板 up stripper上脱料板 male die公模(凸模) feature die公母模 female die母模(凹模) upper plate上模板 lower plate下模板 die pad下垫板 die holder下夹板 die set下模座
bottom block下垫脚
bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板 inner stripper内脱料板 lower stripper下脱料板 零件类 punch冲头
insert入块(嵌入件)
deburring punch压毛边冲子 groove punch压线冲子 stamped punch字模冲子 round punch圆冲子
special shape punch异形冲子 bending block折刀 roller滚轴
baffle plate挡块 located block定位块
supporting block for location 定位支承块
air cushion plate气垫板
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆 trimming punch切边冲子
stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子 ribbon punch压筋冲子
reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子 guide plate定位板 sliding block滑块
sliding dowel block滑块固定块 active plate活动板
lower sliding plate下滑块板 upper holder block上压块 upper mid plate上中间板 spring box弹簧箱
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spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆 spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板 bushing bolck衬套 cover plate盖板 guide pad导料块 塑件&模具相关英文
compre sion molding压缩成型 flash mold溢流式模具 plsitive mold挤压式模具 split mold分割式模具 cavity型控 母模 core模心 公模 taper锥拔
leather cloak仿皮革 shiver饰纹 flow mark流痕
welding mark溶合痕
post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值 self tapping screw自攻螺丝 striper plate脱料板 piston活塞 cylinder汽缸套 chip细碎物
handle mold手持式模具 移转成型用模具
encapsulation molding低压封装成型 射出成型用模具
two plate两极式（模具） well type蓄料井
insulated runner绝缘浇道方式 hot runner热浇道 runner plat浇道模块 valve gate阀门浇口
band heater环带状的电热器 spindle阀针
spear head刨尖头 slag well冷料井 cold slag冷料渣 air vent排气道 h=0.02~0.05mm w=3.2mm L=3~5mm
welding line熔合痕 eject pin顶出针
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knock pin顶出销
return pin回位销反顶针 sleave套筒
stripper plate脱料板 insert core放置入子
runner stripper plate浇道脱料板 guide pin导销
eject rod (bar)（成型机）顶业捧 subzero深冷处理
three plate三极式模具 runner system浇道系统 stress crack应力电裂 orientation定向
sprue gate射料浇口，直浇口 nozzle射嘴
sprue lock pin料头钩销(拉料杆) slag well冷料井 side gate侧浇口 edge gate侧缘浇口 tab gate搭接浇口 film gate薄膜浇口 flash gate闸门浇口 slit gate缝隙浇口 fan gate扇形浇口 dish gate因盘形浇口 H=F=1/2t~1/5t T=2.5~3.5mm
diaphragm gate隔膜浇口 ring gate环形浇口
subarine gate潜入式浇口 tunnel gate隧道式浇口 pin gate针点浇口 Φ0.8~1.0mm
Runner less无浇道
(sprue less)无射料管方式 long nozzle延长喷嘴方式 sprue浇口;溶渣
品质人员名称类
QC quality control 品质管理人员
FQC final quality control 终点品质管制人员
IPQC in process quality control 制程中的品质管制人员 OQC output quality control 最终出货品质管制人员 IQC incoming quality control 进料品质管制人员
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TQC total quality control 全面质量管理 POC passage quality control 段检人员 QA quality assurance 质量保证人员
OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员 QE quality engineering 品质工程人员 品质保证类
FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查 FAA first article assurance 首件确认
TVR tool verification report 模具确认报告 3B 3B 模具正式投产前确认 CP capability index 能力指数
CPK capability index of process 模具制程能力参数
SSQA standardized supplier quality 合格供应商品质评估 OOBA out of box audit 开箱检查
QFD quality function deployment 品质机能展开
FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析 8 disciplines 回复内容 FA final audit 最後一次稽核
CAR corrective action request 改正行动要求 corrective action report 改正行动报告 FQC运作类
AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收品质水准 S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小 ACC Accept 允收 REE Reject 拒收 CR Critical 极严重的 MAJ Major 主要的 MIN Minor 轻微的
AOQ Average Output Quality 平均出厂品质
AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出厂品质 Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品质/可靠度服务 MIL-STD Military-Standard 军用标准
S I-S IV Special I-Special IV 特殊抽样水准等级 P/N Part Number 料号 L/N Lot Number 特采
AOD Accept On Deviation 特采 UAI Use As It 首件检查报告
FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 百万分之一 PPM Percent Per Million 批号 制程统计品管专类
SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制 SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计品质管制 R Range 全距
AR Averary Range 全距平均值
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UCL Upper Central Limit 管制上限 LCL Lower Central Limit 管制下限 MAX Maximum 最大值 MIN Minimum 最小值
GRR Gauge Reproducibility&Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否
DIM Dimension 尺寸 DIA Diameter 直径 FREQ Frequency 频率 N Number 样品数 其它品质术语类
QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈
QIT Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组
PDCA Plan Do Check Action 计划 执行 检查 总结 ZD Zero Defect 零缺点
QI Quality Improvement 品质改善 QP Quality Policy 目标方针
TQM Total Quality Management 全面品质管理 MRB Material Reject Bill 退货单
LQL Limiting Quality Level 最低品质水准 RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可
QAN Quality Amelionrate Notice 品质改善活动 ADM Absolute Dimension Measuremat 全尺寸测量 QT Quality Target 品质目标
7QCTools 7 Quality Controll Tools 品管七大手法 通用之件类
ECN Engineering Change Notes 工程变更通知(供应商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知 PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划 SIP Specification In Process 制程检验规格
SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范 IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范 BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单 PS Package Specification 包装规范 SPEC Specification 规格 DWG Drawing 图面 系统文件类
QC Quality System 品质系统
ES Engineering Standarization 工程标准 CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件 H Huston (美国)休斯敦 C Compaq (美国)康伯公司 C China 中国
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A Assembly 组装(厂) S Stamping 冲压(厂) P Painting 烤漆(厂) I Intel 英特尔公司 T TAIWAN
IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准
ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织 GS General Specification 一般规格
CMCS C-China M-Manufact C-Compaq S-Stamping Compaq产品在龙华冲压厂制造作业规范
CQCA Q-Quality A-Assembly Compaq产品在龙华组装厂品管作业规范 CQCP P-Painting Compaq产品在龙华烤漆厂品管作业规范 部类
PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制 PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制 MC Material Control 物料控制
ME Manafacture Engineering 制造工程部 PE Project Engineering 产品工程部 A/C Accountant Dept 会计部
P/A Personal & Administration 人事行政部 DC Document Center 资料中心
QE Quality Engineering 品质工程(部) QA Quality Assurance 品质保证(处) QC Quality Control 品质管制(课) PD Product Department 生产部 LAB Labratry 实验室
IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程 R&D Research & Design 设计开发部 P Painting 烤漆(厂) A Asssembly 组装(厂) S Stamping 冲压(厂) 生产类
PCS Pieces 个(根,块等) PRS Pairs 双(对等) CTN Carton 卡通箱 PAL Pallet/skid 栈板
PO Purchasing Order 采购订单 MO Manufacture Order 生产单 D/C Date Code 生产日期码
ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码 SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求 L/N Lot Number 批号 P/N Part Number 料号 其它
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OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造 PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 个人电脑外设 PC Personal Computer 个人电脑
CPU Central Processing Unit 处理器 SECC SECC` 电解片
SGCC SGCC 热浸镀锌材料
NHK North of Hongkong 中国
PRC People's Republic of China 中国 U.S.A the United States of America 美国 A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的 E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件 N/A Not Applicable 不适用 QTY Quantity 数量 VS 以及
REV Revision 版本 JIT Just In Time 零库存 I/O Input/Output 输入/输出 OK Ok 好
NG Not Good 不行,不合格 C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许
ESD Electry-static Discharge 静电排放 5S 希腊语 整理,整顿,清扫,清洁,教养 ATIN Attention 知会
CC Carbon Copy 副本复印相关人员 APP Approve 核准,认可,承认 CHK Check 确认
AM Ante Meridian 上午 PM Post Meridian 下午 CD Compact Disk 光碟
CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只读光碟 FDD Floppy Disk Drive 软碟机 HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟机 REF Reference 仅供参考 CONN Connector 连接器 CAV Cavity 模穴
CAD Computer Aid Design 计算机辅助设计 ASS'Y Assembly 装配,组装 MAT'S Material 材料
IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路 T/P True Position 真位度 TYP Type 类型
WDR Weekly Delivery Requitement 周出货需求 C?T Cycle Time 制程周期
L/T Lead Time 前置时间(生产前准备时间)
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S/T Standard Time 标准时间 P/M Product Market 产品市场
3C Computer,Commumcation,Consumer electronic's 消费性电子 5WIH When,Where,Who,What,Why,How to 5M Man,Machine,Material,Method,Measurement
4MIH Man,Materia,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源) SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品质保证 DQA Desigh Quality Assurance 设计品质保证
MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品质保证
SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证 LRR Lot Rejeet Rate 批退率 BS Brain storming 脑力激荡
EMI Electronic Magnetion Inspect 高磁测试 FMI Frequency Modulatim Inspect 高频测试 B/M Boar/Molding(flat cable) C/P Connector of PC A/P Assembly
SPS Switching power supply 电源箱 DT Desk Top 卧式(机箱) MT Mini-Tower 立式(机箱) DVD Digital Vedio Disk VCD Vdeio Compact Disk LCD Liquid Crystal Display CAD Computer AID Design
CAM Computer AID Manufacturing CAE Computer AID Engineering
ABIOS Achanced Basic in put/output system 先进的基本输入/输出系统
CMOS Complemeruary Metoll Oxide Semiconductor 互补金属氧化物半导体 PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理 IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路
ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工业标准结构 MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道结构
EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 扩充的工业标准结构 SIMM Single in-line memory module 单项导通汇流组件 DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 双项导通汇流组件 LED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二级管
FMEA Failure Mode Effectivenes 失效模式分析 W/H Wire Harness 金属线绪束集组件 F/C Flat Calle 排线
PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板 CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告 NG Not Good 不良
WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求 PPM Parts Per Million 百万分之一
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TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养 MRP Material Requiremcnt Planning 物料需计划 OC Operation System 作业系统 TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺 D/C Drawing Change P/P Plans & Procedune
EMI Electrical-Music Industry 电子音乐工业 RFI Read Frequency Input 读频输入 MMC Maximum Material Condition MMS Maximum Material Size LMC Least Material Condition LMS Least Material Size
模具技术用语
各种模具常用成形方式
accurate die casting 精密压铸 powder forming 粉末成形 calendaring molding 压延成形 powder metal forging 粉末锻造 cold chamber die casting 冷式压铸 precision forging 精密锻造 cold forging 冷锻 press forging 冲锻
compacting molding 粉末压出成形 rocking die forging 摇动锻造 compound molding 复合成形 rotary forging 回转锻造
compression molding 压缩成形 rotational molding 离心成形 dip mold 浸渍成形
rubber molding 橡胶成形
encapsulation molding 注入成形 sand mold casting 砂模铸造 extrusion molding 挤出成形 shell casting 壳模铸造 foam forming ?泡成形 sinter forging 烧结锻造 forging roll 轧锻
six sides forging 六面锻造 gravity casting 重力铸造 slush molding 凝塑成形
hollow(blow) molding 中空(吹出)成形 squeeze casting 高压铸造
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hot chamber die casting 热室压铸 swaging 挤锻 hot forging 热锻
transfer molding 转送成形 injection molding 射出成形 warm forging 温锻
investment casting 精密铸造 matched die method 对模成形法 laminating method 被覆淋膜成形 low pressure casting 低压铸造 lost wax casting 脱蜡铸造
matched mould thermal forming 对模热成形模 各式模具分类用语 bismuth mold 铋铸模
landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具 burnishing die 挤光模
landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具 button die 镶入式圆形凹模 loading shoe mold 料套式模具 center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具 loose detail mold 活零件模具 chill mold 冷硬用铸模 loose mold 活动式模具 clod hobbing 冷挤压制模 ouvering die 百叶窗冲切模 composite dies 复合模具 manifold die 分歧管模具 counter punch 反凸模 modular mold 组合式模具 double stack mold 双层模具 multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具 electroformed mold 电铸成形模 multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具 expander die 扩径模
offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具 extrusion die 挤出模 palletizing die 叠层模
family mold 反套制品模具 plaster mold 石膏模
blank through dies 漏件式落料模 porous mold 通气性模具
duplicated cavity plate 复板模 positive mold 全压式模具
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fantail die 扇尾形模具 pressure die 压紧模 fishtail die 鱼尾形模具 profile die 轮廓模
flash mold 溢料式模具 progressive die 顺序模 gypsum mold 石膏铸模 protable mold 手提式模具 hot-runner mold 热流道模具 prototype mold 雏形试验模具 ingot mold 钢锭模 punching die 落料模 lancing die 切口模
raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形 re-entrant mold 倒角式模具 sectional die 拼合模
runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具 sectional die 对合模具 segment mold 组合模
semi-positive mold 半全压式模具 shaper 定型模套
single cavity mold 单腔模具 solid forging die 整体锻模 split forging die 拼合锻模 split mold 双并式模具
sprueless mold 无注道残料模具 squeezing die 挤压模
stretch form die 拉伸成形模 sweeping mold 平刮铸模 swing die 振动模具
three plates mold 三片式模具 trimming die 切边模 unit mold 单元式模具 universal mold 通用模具 unscrewing mold 退扣式模具 yoke type die 轭型模
模具厂常用之标准零配件
air vent vale 通气阀 anchor pin 锚梢 angular pin 角梢 baffle 调节阻板
angular pin 倾斜梢 baffle plate 折流档板 ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞 ball slider 球塞滑块 binder plate 压板
blank holder 防皱压板 blanking die 落料冲头
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bolster 上下模板 bottom board 浇注底板 bolster 垫板 bottom plate 下固定板 bracket 托架 bumper block 缓冲块 buster 堵口 casting ladle 浇注包 casting lug 铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁)
cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢 clamping block 锁定块 coil spring 螺旋弹簧
cold punched nut 冷冲螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓 core 心型 core pin 心型梢 cotter 开口梢 cross 十字接头
cushion pin 缓冲梢 diaphragm gate 盘形浇口 die approach 模头料道 die bed 型底 die block 块形模体 die body 铸模座 die bush 合模衬套 die button 冲模母模
die clamper 夹模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件 die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇 die plate 冲模板 die set 冲压模座
direct gate 直接浇口 dog chuck 爪牙夹头 dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 导套孔 dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 辅助浇口 dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模锥度
draw bead 张力调整杆 drive bearing 传动轴承 ejection pad 顶出衬垫 ejector 脱模器
ejector guide pin 顶出导梢 ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套 ejector pad 顶出垫 ejector pin 顶出梢 ejector plate 顶出板 ejector rod 顶出杆
ejector sleeve 顶出衬套 ejector valve 顶出阀 eye bolt 环首螺栓 filling core 椿入蕊 film gate 薄膜形浇口 finger pin 指形梢
finish machined plate 角形模板 finish machined round plate 圆形模板 fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板 flanged pin 带凸缘? flash gate 毛边形浇口 flask 上箱 floating punch 浮动冲头 gate 浇口 gate land 浇口面 gib 凹形拉紧?
goose neck 鹅颈管 guide bushing 引导衬套 guide pin 导梢 guide post 引导柱 guide plate 导板 guide rail 导轨
head punch 顶?冲头 headless punch 直柄冲头
heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒 hose nippler 管接头 impact damper 缓冲器 injection ram 压射柱塞 inlay busher 嵌入衬套 inner plunger 内柱塞 inner punch 内冲头 insert 嵌件 insert pin 嵌件梢 king pin 转向梢
king pin bush 主梢衬套 knockout bar 脱模杵
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land 合模平坦面 land area 合模面
leader busher 导梢衬套 lifting pin 起模顶?
lining 内衬 locating center punch 定位中心冲头 locating pilot pin 定位导梢 locating ring 定位环 lock block 压块 locking block 定位块 locking plate 定位板 loose bush 活动衬套
making die 打印冲子 manifold block 歧管档块 master plate 靠模样板 match plate 分型板 mold base 塑胶模座 mold clamp 铸模紧固夹 mold platen 模用板 moving bolster 换模保持装置
moving bolster plate 可动侧模板 one piece casting 整体铸件 parallel block 平行垫块 paring line 分模线
parting lock set 合模定位器 pass guide 穴型导板 peened head punch 镶入式冲头 pilot pin 导? pin gate 针尖浇口 plate 衬板
pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头 punch 冲头 puncher 推杆 pusher pin 衬套梢 rack 机架 rapping rod 起模杆
re-entrant mold 凹入模 retainer pin 嵌件梢 retainer plate 托料板 return pin 回位梢
riding stripper 浮动脱模器 ring gate 环型浇口 roller 滚筒 runner 流道
runner ejector set 流道顶出器 runner lock pin 流道拉梢 screw plug 头塞 set screw 固定螺丝 shedder 脱模装置 shim 分隔片 shoe 模座之上下模板 shoot 流道 shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝 skeleton 骨架 slag riser 冒渣口 slide(slide core) 滑块 slip joint 滑配接头 spacer block 间隔块 spacer ring 间隔环 spider 模蕊支架 spindle 主轴 sprue 注道
sprue bushing 注道衬套 sprue bushing guide 注道导套 sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套 sprue puller 注道拉料? spue line 合模线 square key 方键
square nut 方螺帽 square thread 方螺纹 stop collar 限位套 stop pin 止动梢 stop ring 止动环 stopper 定位停止梢 straight pin 圆柱? stripper bolt 脱料螺栓
stripper bushing 脱模衬套 stripper plate 剥料板
stroke end block 行程止梢 submarine gate 潜入式浇口 support pillar 支撑支柱/顶出支柱 support pin 支撑梢 supporting plate 托板 sweep templete 造模刮板 tab gate 辅助浇口 taper key 推拔键 taper pin 拔锥梢/锥形梢 teeming 浇注
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three start screw 三条螺纹 thrust pin 推力销 tie bar 拉杵 tunnel gate 隧道形浇口 vent 通气孔 wortle plate 拉丝模板
模具常用之工作机械
3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔机 cnc milling machine CNC铣床 contouring machine 轮廓锯床 copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形车床
copy milling machine 仿形铣床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床 cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床 die spotting machine 合模机 drilling machine ?孔机 engraving machine 雕刻机
engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机 form grinding machine 成形磨床 graphite machine 石墨加工机 horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机
horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床
jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床 lap machine 研磨机 machine center 加工制造中心
multi model miller 靠磨铣床 NC drilling machine NC钻床 NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床
NC programming system NC程式制作系统 planer 龙门刨床 profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床 radial drilling machine 旋臂?床 shaper 牛头刨床 surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 试模机
turret lathe 转塔车床 universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床
vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机 检验量测工具用语
autocollimator 自动准直机 bench comparator 比长仪 block gauge 块规 bore check 精密小测定器 calibration 校准 caliper gauge 卡规
check gauge 校对规 clearance gauge 间隙规 clinoretee 测斜仪 comparator 比测仪
cylinder square 圆筒直尺 depth gauge 测深规 dial indicator 针盘指示表 dial snap gauge 卡规
digital micrometer 数位式测微计 feeler gauge 测隙规 gauge plate 量规定位板 height gauge 测高规
inside calipers 内卡钳 inside micrometer 内分??卡 interferometer 干涉仪 leveling block 平台 limit gauge 限规 micrometer 测微计 mil 千分之一寸 monometer 压力计
morse taper gauge 莫氏锥度量规 nonius 游标卡尺 optical flat 光学平晶 optical parallel 光学平行 passimeter 内径仪 position scale 位置刻度
profile projector 轮廓光学投影仪 protractor 分角器
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radius 半径 ring gauge 环规
sine bar 正弦量规 snap gauge 卡模 square master 直角尺 stylus 触针
telescopic gauge 伸缩性量规 working gauge 工作量规
模具钢材
alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢
bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢 clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢 emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力
forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板 hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢 hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢
low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢 martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢 meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材
molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel 钼钢 nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢 silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢
tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 tough pitch copper 韧铜 troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel ?钢 vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板
表面处理关连用语
age hardening 时效硬化 ageing 老化处理
air hardening 气体硬化 air patenting 空气韧化 annealing 退火 anode effect 阳极效应
anodizing 阳极氧化处理 atomloy treatment 阿托木洛伊表面 austempering 奥氏体等温淬火 austenite 奥斯田体/奥氏体 bainite 贝氏体 banded structure 条纹状组织 barrel plating 滚镀 barrel tumbling 滚筒打光 blackening 染黑法 blue shortness 青熟脆性
bonderizing 磷酸盐皮膜处理 box annealing 箱型退火 box carburizing 封箱渗碳 bright electroplating 辉面电镀
bright heat treatment 光辉热处理 bypass heat treatment 旁路热处理 carbide 炭化物 carburized case depth 浸碳硬化深层 carburizing 渗碳 cementite 炭化铁
chemical plating 化学电镀 chemical vapor deposition 化学蒸镀 coarsening 结晶粒粗大化 coating 涂布被覆 cold shortness 低温脆性 comemtite 渗碳体
controlled atmosphere 大气热处理 corner effect 锐角效应 creeping discharge 蠕缓放电 decarburization 脱碳处理 decarburizing 脱碳退火 depth of hardening 硬化深层
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diffusion 扩散 diffusion annealing 扩散退火 electrolytic hardening 电解淬火 embossing 压花 etching 表面蚀刻 ferrite 肥粒铁
first stage annealing 第一段退火 flame hardening 火焰硬化 flame treatment 火焰处理 full annealing 完全退火
gaseous cyaniding 气体氧化法 globular cementite 球状炭化铁 grain size 结晶粒度 granolite treatment 磷酸溶液热处理 graphitizing 石墨退火 hardenability 硬化性 hardenability curve 硬化性曲线 hardening 硬化 heat treatment 热处理 hot bath quenching 热浴淬火 hot dipping 热浸镀 induction hardening 高周波硬化
ion carbonitriding 离子渗碳氮化 ion carburizing 离子渗碳处理 ion plating 离子电镀 isothermal annealing 等温退火
liquid honing 液体喷砂法 low temperature annealing 低温退火 malleablizing 可锻化退火 martempering 麻回火处理 martensite 马氏体/硬化铁炭 metallikon 金属喷镀法 metallizing 真空涂膜 nitriding 氮化处理 nitrocarburizing 软氮化 normalizing 正常化 oil quenching 油淬化 overageing 过老化 overheating 过热 pearlite 针尖组织
phosphating 磷酸盐皮膜处理 physical vapor deposition 物理蒸镀 plasma nitriding 离子氮化 pre-annealing 预备退火 precipitation 析出 precipitation hardening 析出硬化 press quenching 加压硬化 process annealing 制程退火 quench ageing 淬火老化 quench hardening 淬火
quenching crack 淬火裂痕 quenching distortion 淬火变形 quenching stress 淬火应力 reconditioning 再调质 recrystallization 再结晶 red shortness 红热脆性 residual stress 残留应力 retained austenite 残留奥 rust prevention 防蚀 salt bath quenching 盐浴淬火 sand blast 喷砂处理 seasoning 时效处理
second stage annealing 第二段退火 secular distortion 经年变形 segregation 偏析 selective hardening 部分淬火 shot blast 喷丸处理 shot peening 珠击法
single stage nitriding 等温渗氮 sintering 烧结处理 soaking 均热处理 softening 软化退火
solution treatment 固溶化热处理 spheroidizing 球状化退火
stabilizing treatment 安定化处理 straightening annealing 矫直退火 strain ageing 应变老化 stress relieving annealing 应力消除退火 subzero treatment 生冷处理 supercooling 过冷
surface hardening 表面硬化处理 temper brittleness 回火脆性 temper colour 回火颜色 tempering 回火 tempering crack 回火裂痕 texture 咬花
thermal refining 调质处理 thermoechanical treatment 加工热处理
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time quenching 时间淬火 transformation 变态
tufftride process 软氮化处理 under annealing 不完全退火
vacuum carbonitriding 真空渗碳氮化 vacuum carburizing 真空渗碳处理 vacuum hardening 真空淬火 vacuum heat treatment 真空热处理 vacuum nitriding 真空氮化 water quenching 水淬火 wetout 浸润处理
焊接用语
acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培 angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧
argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条 butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲 cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属 filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接
gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核 overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法 plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割
pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接 resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接 seam 焊缝 seaming 接合
seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接 skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花
spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接 stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层 void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂
welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬 射出成形关联用语
activator 活化剂 bag moulding 气胎施压成形 bonding strength 黏合强度 breathing 排气 caulking compound 填隙料 cell 气孔 cold slug 半凝式射出 colorant 著色剂
color matching 调色 color masterbatch 色母料
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compound 混合料 copolymer 共聚合体 cull 残料废品 cure 凝固化
cryptometer 不透明度仪 daylight 开隙
dry cycle time 空料试车周期时间 ductility 延性
elastomer 弹性体 extruded bead sealing 压出粒涂层法 feed 供料 filler 充填剂
film blowing 薄膜吹制法 floating platen 活动模板 foaming agent 发泡剂 gloss 光泽 granule 颗粒料 gunk 料斗
hot mark 热斑 hot stamping 烫印
injection nozzle 射出喷嘴 injection plunger 射出柱塞 injection ram 射出冲柱 isomer 同分异构物 kneader 混合机 leveling agent 匀涂剂
lubricant 润滑剂 matched die method 配合成形法
mould clamping force 锁模力 mould release agent 脱模剂 nozzle 喷嘴 oriented film 取向薄膜 parison 吹气成形坏料 pellet 粒料 plasticizer 可塑剂 plunger 压料柱塞 porosity 孔隙率 post cure 後固化 premix 预混料 purging 清除
reciprocating screw 往复螺杆 resilience 回弹性 resin injection 树脂射出法 rheology 流变学 sheet 塑胶片 shot 注射
shot cycle 射出循环 slip agent 光滑剂 take out device 取料装置 tie bar 拉杆
toggle type mould clamping system 肘杆式锁模装置 torpedo spreader 鱼雷形分流板 transparency 透明性 void content 空洞率
塑胶原料
acrylic 压克力 casein 酪素
cellulose acetate 醋酸纤维素CA cellulose acetate butyrate 醋酸丁酸纤维素CAB composite material 复合材料 cresol resin 甲酚树脂CF
dially phthalate 苯二甲酸二烯丙酯 disperse reinforcement 分散性强化复合材料 engineering plastics 工程塑胶 epoxy resin 环氧树脂EP
ethyl cellulose 乙基纤维素 ethylene vinylacetate copolymer 乙烯-醋酸乙烯EVA ethylene-vinlacetate copolyme 醋酸乙烯共聚物EVA expanded polystyrene ?泡聚苯乙烯EPS
fiber reinforcement 纤维强化热固性/纤维强化复合材料 high density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯HDPE high impact polystyrene 高冲击聚苯乙烯HIPS high impact polystyrene rigidity 高冲击性聚苯乙烯
low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯LDPE melamine resin 三聚氰胺酚醛树脂MF
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nitrocellulose 纤维素 phenolic resin 酚醛树脂 plastic 塑胶 polyacrylic acid 聚丙烯酸PAP
polyamide 耐龙PA polybutyleneterephthalate 聚对苯二甲酸丁酯PBT polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PC polyethyleneglycol 聚乙二醇PFG
polyethyleneoxide 聚氧化乙烯PEO polyethyleneterephthalate 聚乙醇对苯PETP polymetylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMMA polyoxymethylene 聚缩醛POM polyphenylene oxide 聚硫化亚苯 polyphenyleneoxide 聚苯醚PPO polypropylene 聚丙烯PP polystyrene 聚苯乙烯PS
polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯 polythene 聚乙烯PE polyurethane 聚氨基甲酸酯PU
polyvinylacetate 聚醋酸乙烯PVAC polyvinylalcohol 聚乙烯醇PVA polyvinylbutyral 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛PVB polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯PVC polyvinylfuoride 聚氟乙烯PVF polyvinylidenechloride 聚偏二氯乙烯PVDC prepolymer 预聚物 silicone resin 矽树脂 thermoplastic 热塑性 thermosetting 热固性
thermosetting plastic 塑胶 unsaturated polyester 不饱和聚酯树脂 成形不良用语
aberration 色差 atomization ?化 bank mark ?料纹 bite 咬入
blacking hole 涂料孔(铸疵) blacking scab 涂料疤 blister 起泡 blooming 起霜 blow hole 破孔 blushing 泛白
body wrinkle 侧壁皱纹 breaking-in 冒口带肉 bubble 膜泡 burn mark 糊斑 burr 毛边 camber 翘曲
cell 气泡 center buckle 表面中部波皱 check 细裂痕 checking 龟裂
chipping 修整表面缺陷 clamp-off 铸件凹痕 collapse 塌陷 color mottle 色斑 corrosion 腐蚀 crack 裂痕 crazing 碎裂 crazing 龟裂
deformation 变形 edge 切边碎片 edge crack 裂边 fading 退色
filler speak 填充料斑 fissure 裂纹 flange wrinkle 凸缘起皱 flaw 刮伤 flow mark 流痕 galling 毛边 glazing 光滑 gloss 光泽
grease pits 污斑 grinding defect 磨痕 haircrack 发裂 haze 雾度
incrustation 水锈 indentation 压痕
internal porosity 内部气孔 mismatch 偏模 mottle 斑点 necking 缩颈
nick 割痕 orange peel 橘皮状表面缺陷
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overflow 溢流 peeling 剥离
pit 坑 pitting corrosion 点状腐蚀 plate mark 模板印痕 pock 麻点
pock mark 痘斑 resin streak 树脂流纹 resin wear 树脂脱落 riding 凹陷 sagging 松垂 saponification 皂化 scar 疤痕 scrap 废料
scrap jam 废料阻塞 scratch 刮伤/划痕 scuffing 深冲表面划伤 seam 裂痕
shock line 模口挤痕 short shot 充填不足 shrinkage pool 凹孔 sink mark 凹痕
skin inclusion 表皮摺叠 straightening 矫直 streak 条状痕 surface check 表面裂痕
surface roughening 橘皮状表皮皱摺 surging 波动 sweat out 冒汗 torsion 扭曲 warpage 翘曲 waviness 波痕 webbing 熔塌 weld mark 焊痕 whitening 白化 wrinkle 皱纹
模具常用刀具与工作法用语
adjustable spanner 活动扳手 angle cutter 角铣刀 anvil 铁? arbour 心轴
backing 衬垫 belt sander 带式打磨机 buffing 抛光 chamfering machine 倒角机 chamfering tool 去角刀具 chisel 扁錾 chuck 夹具 compass 两角规
concave cutter 凹面铣刀 convex cutter 凸形铣刀
cross joint 十字接头 cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角 drill stand 钻台 edge file 刃用锉刀 file 锉刀 flange joint 凸缘接头 grinder 砂轮机 hammer 铁锤
hand brace 手摇钻 hatching 剖面线
hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓 hexagon nut 六角螺帽 index head 分度头 jack 千斤顶 jig 治具 kit 工具箱
lapping 研磨 metal saw 金工锯 nose angle 刀角 pinchers 钳子 pliers 铗钳 plug 柱塞头
polisher 磨光器 protable driller 手提钻孔机 punch 冲头 sand paper 砂纸
scraper 刮刀 screw driver 螺丝起子 scribing 划线 second out file 中纹锉 spanner 扳手 spline broach 方栓槽拉刀 square 直角尺 square sleeker 方形镘刀
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square trowel 直角度 stripping 剥离工具 T-slot T形槽 tool for lathe 车刀
tool point angle 刀刃角 tool post 刀架 tosecan 划线盘 trimming 去毛边
waffle die flattening 压纹效平 wiper 脱模钳 wrench 螺旋扳手
电脑关联用语
3D modeling 三次元模拟 access 通路 animation 卡通影片 application 应用 board 基板 bug 故障
bus 汇流排 CAD 电脑辅助设计
CAE 电脑辅助工程分析 CAM 电脑辅助制造 cassette 卡座 color display 彩色显示器 command 指令 communication 通信 compact 精简小型 computer 电脑 copy 复制 cursor 游标
curve modeling 曲面模拟 database 资料库 design 设计 digitizing 数位化 disk 磁碟 dot 点
eyelet 眼孔 floppy 磁碟片 format 格式化 graphic 圆解 hardware 硬体 honeycomb 蜂巢 interface 界面 know how 秘诀
laser printer 雷射印表机 lay out 布置 memory 记忆 memory swap 交换记忆 microprocessor 微处理器 modeling 造型 module 模组 monitor 萤幕 mouse 滑鼠 need 需求
network 网路 new version 新版 on line 上线中 option 选择 PC 个人电脑 plotter 绘图机 program 程式 scanning 扫描 simulation 模拟 software 软体 solid model 实体模型 system 系统 tape 磁带 terminal 终端机 texture 构造 trim 修边
venter 排气风扇 word processor 文书处理器 各种冲模加工关连用语
barreling 滚光加工 belling 压凸加工 bending 弯曲加工 blanking 下料加工 bulging 撑压加工 burring 冲缘加工
cam die bending 凸轮弯曲加工 caulking ?合加工
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coining 压印加工 compressing 压缩加工
compression bending 押弯曲加工 crowning 凸面加工 curl bending 卷边弯曲加工 curling 卷曲加工 cutting 切削加工 dinking 切断蕊骨
double shearing 叠板裁断 drawing 引伸加工
drawing with ironing 抽引光滑加工 embossing 浮花压制加工 extrusion 挤制加工 filing 锉削加工
fine blanking 精密下料加工 finish blanking 光制下料加工 finishing 精整加工 flanging 凸缘加工 folding 折边弯曲加工 folding 摺叠加工
forming 成形加工 impact extrusion 冲击挤压加工 indenting 压痕加工 ironing 引缩加工 knurling 滚花 lock seaming 固定接合
louvering 百叶窗板加工 marking 刻印加工 necking 颈缩加工 notching 冲口加工 parting 分断加工 piercing 冲孔加工
progressive bending 连续弯曲加工 progressive blanking 连续下料加工 progressive drawing 连续引伸加工 progressive forming 连续成形加工 reaming 铰孔加工 restriking 二次精冲加工 riveting ?接加工 roll bending 滚筒弯曲加工 roll finishing 滚压加工 rolling 压延加工
roughing 粗加工 scrapless machining 无废料加工 seaming 折弯重叠加工 shaving 缺口修整加工 shearing 切断加工 sizing 精压加工/矫正加工 slitting 割缝加工 spinning 卷边?接 staking ?固 stamping 锻压加工
swaging 挤锻压加工 trimming 整缘加工 upsetting 锻粗加工 wiring 抽线加工
冲压机械及周边关连用语
back shaft 支撑轴 blank determination 胚料展开
bottom slide press 下传动式压力机 board drop hammer 板落锤 brake 煞车 buckle 剥砂面
camlachie cramp 铸包 casting on flat ?合
chamotte sand 烧磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗 clearance 间隙 closed-die forging 合模锻造 clump 夹紧 clutch 离合器
clutch brake 离合器制动器 clutch boss 离合器轮壳 clutch lining 离合器覆盖 coil car 带卷升降运输机 coil cradle 卷材进料装置 coil reel stand 钢材卷料架 column 圆柱 connection screw 连杆调节螺钉
core compound 砂心黏结剂 counter blow hammer 对击锻锤 cradle 送料架 crank 曲柄轴
crankless 无曲柄式 cross crank 横向曲轴
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cushion 缓冲 depression 外缩凹孔
dial feed 分度送料 die approach 模口角度 die assembly 合模 die cushion 模具缓冲垫 die height 冲压闭合高度 die life 模具寿命
die opening 母模逃孔 die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机 double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床 draght angle 逃料倾斜角 edging 边锻伸 embedded core 加装砂心 feed length 送料长度 feed level 送料高度 filling core 埋入砂心 filling in 填砂
film play 液面花纹 fine blanking press 精密下料冲床 forging roll 辊锻机 finishing slag 炼後熔渣 fly wheel 飞轮 fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器 foot press 脚踏冲床 formboard 进模口板 frame 床身机架 friction 摩擦
friction brake 摩擦煞车 gap shear 凹口剪床 gear 齿轮 gib 滑块引导部
gripper 夹具 gripper feed 夹持进料
gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置 hammer 槌机
hand press 手动冲床 hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床 hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床 hopper feed 料斗送料 idle stage 空站 inching 微调尺寸
isothermal forging 恒温锻造 key clutch 键槽离合器 knockout 脱模装置 knuckle mechanic 转向机构 land 模具直线刀面部 level 水平 loader 供料器 unloader 卸料机
loop controller 闭回路控制器 lower die 下模
micro inching device 微寸动装置 microinching equipment 微动装置 motor 马达 moving bolster 活动工作台
notching press 冲缺口压力机 opening 排料逃孔
overload protection device 防超载装置 pinch roll 导正滚轮 pinion 小齿轮 pitch 节距
pressfit 压入 progressive 连续送料
pusher feed 推杆式送料 pusher feeder 料片押片装置
quick die change system 快速换模系统 regrinding 再次研磨 releasing 松释动作 reversed blanking 反转下料 robot 机器人 roll forming machine 辊轧成形
roll forming machine 辊轧成形机 roll release 脱辊 roller feed 辊式送料 roller leveler 辊式矫直机
rotary bender 卷弯成形机 safety guard 安全保护装置 scrap cutter 废料切刀 scrap press 废料冲床 seamless forging 无缝锻造 separate 分离 shave 崩砂 shear angle 剪角
sheet loader 薄板装料机 shot 单行程工作 shrinkage fit 收缩配合 shut height 闭合高度
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sieve mesh 筛孔 sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴 slide balancer 滑动平衡器 slug hole 逃料孔 spin forming machine 旋压成形机 spotting 合模 stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机 stickness 黏模性
straight side frame 冲床侧板 stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机 strip feeder 料材送料装置 stripping pressure 弹出压力 stroke 冲程 take out device 取料装置 toggle press 肘杆式压力机 transfer 传送
transfer feed 连续自动送料装置 turrent punch press 转塔冲床 two speed clutch 双速离合器 uncoiler 闭卷送料机 unloader 卸载机 vibration feeder 振动送料机 wiring press 嵌线卷边机
线切割放电加工关连用语
abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电 arc discharge 电弧放电 belt 皮带 centreless 无心
chrome bronze 铭铜 clearance angle 後角 corner shear drop 直角压陷 deflection 桡曲度 discharge energy 放电能量 dressing 修整 dwell 保压 flange 凸缘 gap 间隙 graphite 石墨
graphite contraction allowance 电极缩小余量 graphite holder 电极夹座 hair crack 发裂 horn 电极臂 jump 跳刀 magnetic base 磁性座
master graphite 标准电极 pipe graphite 管状电极 pulse 脉冲 rib working 肋部加工
roller electrode 滚轮式电极 rotary surface 旋转面 shank 柄部 sharp edge 锐角部 tough bronze 韧铜 traverse 摇臂
tungsten bronze ?青铜 waviness 波形起伏 work 工件 working allowance 加工余量 working dischard 加工废料
锻铸造关连用语
accretion 炉瘤 acid converter 酸性转炉
acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉 acid open-hearth furnace 酸性平炉 aerator 松砂机 air set mold 常温自硬铸模
airless blasting cleaning 离心喷光 all core molding 集合式铸模 all round die holder 通用模座 assembly mark 铸造合模记号 back pouring 补浇注 backing sand 背砂
base bullion 粗金属锭 base permeability 原砂透气度 belling 压凸 billet 坏料
bleed 漏铸 blocker 预锻模膛
blocking 粗胚锻件 blow hole 铸件气孔
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board drop hammer 板落锤 bottom pour mold 底浇 bottom pouring 底注 boxless mold 脱箱砂模
break-off core 缩颈砂心 brick molding 砌箱造模法 buckle 剥砂面 camber 错箱
camlachie cramp 铸包 cast blade 铸造叶片
casting flange 铸造凸缘 casting on flat 水平铸造 chamotte sand 烧磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗
cleaning of casting 铸件清理 closed-die forging 合模锻造 core compound 砂心黏结剂 core template 砂心模板 core vent 砂蕊排气孔 corner gate 压边浇口
counter blow hammer 对击锻造 counter lock 止口镶嵌方式 depression 外缩凹孔 die approach 模口角度 draw out 锻造拔长 draw plate 起模板 draw spike 起模长针 dummying 预锻 embedded core 加装砂心 erosion 冲砂 fettling 铸件清理 filling core 埋入砂心 filling in 填砂 film play 液面花纹
finishing slag 炼後熔渣 flash gutter 锻模飞边槽 flask molding 砂箱造模 forging roll 辊锻机 formboard 进模口板 gutter 锻模飞边槽 hammer man 锻工 heading machine 顶镦机 impacter 卧式锻造机 inblock cast 整体铸造 ingot 铸锭 ingot blank 铸坯
inlay casting 镶铸法 investment casting 失模铸造 isothermal forging 恒温锻造 loose piece 木模活块 molding pit 铸模地坑 pouring process 浇注法 recasting 重铸 roll forging 轧锻
rolled surface 轧制表面 rough sand 粗砂 roughing forge 粗锻 sand crushing 塌箱 seamless forging 无缝锻造 separate 分离 shave 崩砂 shrinkage fit 收缩配合 shut height 闭合高度 sieve mesh 筛孔 sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴 slag 熔渣 slag inclusion 夹渣 stickness 黏模性
strip layout 带状胚料排样法 tap casting 顶注 top gate 顶注浇口 unworked casting 不加工铸件 upender 翻转装置 upending 顶锻
uphill casting 底铸 white cast iron 白口铸件
模具加工方法
barrel 滚筒(加工) bending 波纹加工 broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心
cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削
electric discharge machine 放电加工 electrolytic grinding 电解研磨
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embossing 压花加工 facing 面车削
filing 锉刀修润 hand finishing 手工修润 hemming 卷边加工 hobbing 滚齿加工 joggling 摇动加工 lapping 抛光/研磨修润
laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 车床车削 planning 刨削加工 polishing 抛亮光
reaming 铰孔修润 rough machining 粗切削 rounding 圆形加工 sawing 锯削
scaling 清除钢碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工 skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切缝切削
taper turning 锥度车削 thread cutting 螺纹切削
ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆铣加工
学理实验与试验用语
air permeability test 透气性试验 austenitic steel 沃斯田铁钢
brinell hardness 布耐内尔硬度 brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验 charpy impact test 夏比冲击试验 conical cup test 圆锥杯突试验 cup flow test 杯模式流动度试验 dart drop impact test 落锤冲击试验 Elmendorf test 埃罗门多撕裂强度试验 environmental stress cracking test 环境应力龟裂试验
ericessen test 埃留伸薄板拉伸试验 falling ball impact test 落球冲击试验 fatigue test 疲劳试验 ferrite 纯铁体
gantt chart 甘特图 heat cycle test 热循环试验 histogram 柱状图 hot bend test 热弯试验
izod impact test 埃左德冲击试验 loop tenacity 环结强度 martens heat distortion temperature test 马顿斯耐热试验
martensite 马氏体 mullen bursting strength tester 密廉式破裂强度试验机 nol ring test 诺尔环试验 normal distribution 常态分配 ozone resistance test 抗臭氧试验 pareto diagram 柏拉图 peeling test 剥离试验 pinhole test 针孔试验机
rattler test 磨耗试验 rockweel hardness test 洛氏硬度试验
rockweel hardness 洛氏威尔硬度 rolinx process 罗林克斯射出压缩成形法 rossi-peakes flow test 罗西皮克斯流动试验 sampling inspection 抽样检查 scratch hardness 抗刮硬度 shore hardness 萧氏硬度
spiral flow test 螺旋流动试验 surface abrasion test 表面磨耗试验 taber abraser 泰伯磨耗试验机 tensile impact test 拉伸冲击试验 tensile strength 抗拉强度 tension test 张力试验
thermal shock test 冷热剧变试验 torsion test 扭曲试验
ubbelohde viscometer 乌别洛德黏度计 vicat indentation test 维卡针压陷试验 Vickers hardness test 维氏硬度试验 warpage test 翘曲试验
weatherometer 人工老化试验机 weissenberg effect 威森伯格回转效应 砂轮用语
abrasive 砂轮 Al2O3 氧化铝
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balance 平衡 bond 结合
borazon 氧化硼立方晶 buffing wheel 抛光布轮 diamond 钻石 dresser 砂轮整修机
dressing 修整 endless grinding belt 循环式研磨带 finishing allowance 加工余量 grain 磨粒 grinding disc 研磨盘 jamp up 孔眼堵塞 mesh 网筛目 parameter 参数
resinoid grinding wheel 半树脂型砂轮 slitting 切缝量 vitrified 陶瓷的 wheel 旋转
机械设计及周边其他用语
assembly drawing 装配图 auto tool change cycle 自动换刀时间周期 beam 横梁 bending moment 弯矩
bending stress 弯曲应力 bottoming 底靠 buckling 纵弯曲 chamfering 去角斜切 channel 凹槽 chattering 颤动 check point 查核点 chip 切屑
chip conveyor 排屑输送机 coefficient of friction 摩擦系数 compact 小型的 cooling pipe 冷却管 coupon 试样胚 deflection 挠曲量
distortion 扭曲变形 draft taper 拔模锥度 draw out 拉拔 fit tolerance 配合公差 flexible rigidity 弯曲刚性 gas vent 气孔
hatching 剖面线 heater cooler 加热器冷却装置 hook cavity 钩穴 inching 寸动 lug 凸缘 maintenance 维修保固
metallurgy 冶金学 notch effect 切口效果
out of roughness 真圆度 performance 动作性能 pit 坑 plane strain 倒角应力 plug mill 蕊棒轧管机 repeated load 重覆载荷 riveted joint ?钉接合 sand paper 砂纸 shift 偏移
shrink fit 热压配合 shrinkage hole 缩孔 sinking 凹陷 sketch 草图 spalling 剥落 straightness 直度 submarine 深陷式
surface roughness 表面粗度 tapping 攻螺丝
thermocouple 热电耦
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torsion load 扭转载荷 toughness 韧性 tracing 描图 under cut 凹割
3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 3D modeling 三次元模拟 aberration 色差
abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电 abrasive 砂轮 access 通路 account 帐户 accretion 炉瘤
accurate die casting 精密压铸 acid converter 酸性转炉
acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉
acid open-hearth furnance 酸性平炉activator 活化剂 acetylene 乙炔
adjustable spanner 活动扳手 aerator 松砂机
after service 售後服务 age hardening 时效硬化 ageing 老化处理
air hardening 气体硬化
airless plasting cleaning 离心喷光 air patenting 空气韧化
air permeability test 透气性试验 air set mold 常温自硬铸模 air vent valve 通气阀
all core molding 集合式铸模 alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 allround die holder 通用模型 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 amendment 修正 ampere 电流安培 anchor pin 锚梢 angle cutter 角铣刀 angle welding 角焊 angular pin 角梢 angular pin 倾斜梢 animation 卡通影片 anode effect 阳极效应 annealing 退火
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acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培 angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧
argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条 butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲 cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属 filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接
gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核 overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法 plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割
pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接 resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接 seam 焊缝 seaming 接合
seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接 skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花
spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接 stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层 void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂
welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬
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