Ⅰ) 五大句型
根据谓语动词的不同性质，语言学家总结出英语的五大基本句型。无论多么错综复杂的句子，都是在五大句型的基础上扩展而成的。总体上，句子必须包含至少一个主谓结构。有了这种认识，就可以避免写出残缺句。 使用动词时应考虑以下几个方面： 及物还是不及物？ 短暂性还是持续性？ 描述动作还是状态？
一次性动作还是习惯性动作？ 助动词还是习动词。 1. 主+谓(+状) SV(A)
The sun rises in the east. Everything is going on well. We set off in the early morning. 2. 主+系+表 SVC
He is an expert in computers. They remain silent.
Leaves turn yellow in autumn. 3. 主+谓+宾 SVO I like sports.
Mary has finished her work.
My father will meet one of my uncles at the airport. 4. 主+谓+双宾 SVoO Pass me the salt, please.
(= pass the salt to me, please.) Would you buy him a gift?
(= would you buy a gift for him?) The teacher asked me a question.
(= the teacher asked a question of me.) 5. 主+谓+宾+宾补 SVOC
The young couple watched their baby play on the grassland. Carl Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. I found it hard to keep up with them. Exercise1. SVA
1. 他期盼的那封信最终来了。 2. 生活费用上涨了百分之二十。 3. 那座寺庙坐落在山顶上。 4. 谢谢你，我自己应付得了。
5. 作为艺术家，他的成功开始了。 6. 时不我待。
7. 鸟可以随时飞翔。
8. 听了他的话，在场的人都笑了。 9. 他们停下来休息， 10. 车子突然抛锚了。 Exercise2. SVC
11. 天气变得越来越暖和了。 12. 他的梦想会成真吗？ 13. 船到桥头自然直。
14. 这个主意听起来很有道理。 15. 做一名知名作家让人感觉不错。 16. 我感到有些紧张。 17. 女士们希望永葆青春。 18. 孩子们很容易地入睡了。 19. 腐败的食物对健康不利。 20. 你妹妹看上去病了。 Exercise3. SVO
21. 你打算到哪儿去度假？ 22. 我对这件事全然不知。 23. 失败后他从不泄气。
24. 你最后一次见到它是什么时候？ 25. 你应当为他人树立榜样。 26. 晚会上我们玩得很开心。 27. 教室需要打扫。 28. 结果令我失望。 29. 有钱人应帮助穷人。
30. 妇女可以把任何事做得与男人一样好。Exercise4. SVoO
31. 他送给我一本书作为生日礼物。
32. 我可以把我的朋友介绍给你的父母吗？33. 老师耐心地向我们解释了原因。 34. 你给我买了什么东西没有？ 35. 她为全家人做一日三餐。 36. 小时候爸爸经常给我讲故事。 37. 借给我五元钱，好吗？ 38. 我侄子每两个月给我写封信 39. 经理已经为客人订了房间。 40. 我可以请你帮忙吗？ Exercise5. SVOC
41. 同学们选他当班长。
42. 正确运用身势语可以使你在国外的居留更容易、更舒适。 43. 我认为她比其他人高明。 44. 他的自行车被偷了。
45. 你不该没有完成作业就回家。 46. 医生不允许他看望生病的母亲， 47. 你要让所有同学都明白你的话。 48. 我们发现他躺在地板上，死了。 49. 所有这一切都让我相信马克思主义。 50. 没有人把这当成笑话。
Ⅱ) 复合句
在简单句的基础上，通过并列和从属，构成了英语中的复合句。复合句分为并列句、从属句和并列从属句。并列句由and 族、but 族和or 族并列连词联接。从属句由各种从属连词联接，分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句，其中状语从句分类最为复杂(可分九种)。并列从属句是既运用并列手段有运用从属手段的复合句。 1. 并列句的并列连词 * AND族并列连词：
1) and, both…and…, not only…but also…, not…but…, neither…nor… 2) and (then), so, therefore 3) so, neither, nor * OR族并列连词： 1) or, either…or… 2) or, otherwise, or else * BUT 族并列连词：
not…but…, while, but, yet, only 2. 从属句的从属连词 * 状语从句的从属连词：
(1)表时间：①表同时：when, while, as, as soon as, the moment, the day/monthe/year,
directly, immediately, hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…then…②表先后：before, after, till, until, when, when, since, next time (2)表地点：where, wherever (3)表方式：as if/though, (just) as
(4)表原因：because, for, since, as, now that, seeing that, on the ground(s) that, for the reason that, for fear that
(5)表结果：so…that…, such…that…, so that
(6)表目的：so that, in order that, that, for feat that, in case
(7)表比较：as…as…, than…, the…of/in, the same…as…, not so…as… (8)表让步：though, although, no matter wh-, whatever, even if/though, as
(9)表条件：if, once, as/so long as, on condition that, on the understanding that, unless, so far as
* 定语从句的从属连词：
(1)关系代词：who, whom, which, that, as (2)关系副词：when, where, why * 名词性从句的从属连词： (1) that
(2) whether, if
(3) wh-(ever): what, which, when, where, why, how, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however Exercise6. 并列句
51. She bought a new dictionary. She then lent it to John.
52. I like reading home news and international news. I like reading sports news and recreational news, too.
53. The old man took a desk to the next room. He took a chair to the next room. 54. His success doesn’t lie in singing. His success lies in organizing concerts. 55. China is becoming richer day by day. China is becoming stronger day by day. 56. Sam works hard. Mary also works hard. 57. He got up late. He missed the first bus.
58. Feathers fall to the ground slowly. Stones fall to the ground much faster. 59. You may do it yourself. You may leave it to me. 60. We love peace. We don’t fear war. Exercise7. 并列句
61. 她是个可笑的女孩，不过你会禁不住喜欢上她 62. 我没有拜访过她，而且也不会这样做。 63. 我得走了，我妹妹还等着我呢。 64. 快一点，不然你就迟到了。
65. 卫星是太空中沿轨道围绕行星运行的天然的或人造的天体。 66. 汤姆既不喜欢地理，也不喜欢生物。
67. 是大卫·贝克尔不是·彼得贝克将给我们做报告。 68. 他考上了大学。我也要考上大学。
69. 找工作时他多次被拒绝，但他并不灰心丧气。
70. 人民剧院上演一出喜剧而环球剧院上演一出悲剧。 Exercise8. 时间状语从句
71. 我遇见那位护士的时候，她正在找药房。 72. 当我进去的时候，舞会已经开始了。 73. 在教师阻止你之前，你一直在干什么呢？ 74. 我们认为你不妨趁天气不太热赶快出发。 75. 自从悲剧发生以来，她从未来过这儿。 76. 他们边走边唱。
77. 侦探一听见尖叫声就冲了进去。
78. 货物刚转到安全地带天就下起了大雨。 79. 电话铃响的时候我正在听CD。 80. 直道他母亲回来她才起床。
Exercise9. 状语从句联句
81. ____ he wants to try a parachute jump, he may change his mind at the last minute. 82. ____ I removed the tire, Peter repaired the leak. 83. ____ I made lunch, Alfredo washed the car. 84. ____ you travel, you will think of me. 85. ____ it is late,, he has to leave now.
86. ____ she wrapped the package as quickly as she could, the post office was closed when she reached it.
87. They put a couch ____ the chair had been.
88. ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. 89. The population of Beijing is larger ____ that of Shanghai. 90. Child ____ he is, he knows much about nature. Exercise10. 定语从句
91. The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
92. ____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 93. The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn’t expected?
94. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the others unhappy.
95. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ____ price was very reasonable.
96. You do need some help from others, but Tom is not the right person ____ you should go. 97. Collecting seashells was a hobby ____ gave him a great deal of pleasure. 98. He took down a square green bottle, the content ____ he poured into a dish. 99. What is the name of the programme ____ you are listening?
100.Have you asked her for the reason ____ she was absent from school? Exercise11. 定语从句翻译
101.这家博物馆就是她十年前工作的地方。 102.刚才和我说话的年轻人是位实习医生。 103.这件裙子恰恰像我们昨天见过的那件。
104.我们学校有好几个实验室，其中一个是三年前建的。 105.她母亲身体不好，这使得她很难继续工作。 106.“你熟悉这种音乐吗？”“嗯，曾有一段时间这种音乐十分流行。” 107.我要谈谈一座新建的市场，在那儿你可以买到你需要的一切。 108.harvester 是我们收获庄稼用的机器，或是收获的人。
109.我们必须时不时地在字典中查找我们不知道意思的单词和词组。
110.那位聪明的男孩在墙上挖了个洞，透过它他可以看到房间里面正在发生的事情。 Exercise12. 名词性从句
111. A computer can only do ____ you have instructed in to do.
112. These wild flowers are so special I would do ____ I can to save them. 113. ----I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
----Is that ____ you had a few days off?
114. ____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her
lessons.
115. I know nothing about the young lady except ____ she is from Beijing.
116. After ten years’ absence he came back only to find the city was not ____ it used to be. 117. It is still a question ____ or not they will send a delegation to the conference, but we
hope they will.
118. It was known to all that William had broken his promise ____ he would give him a rise. 119. I was made to write a letter in English, but I didn’t know ____ to begin. 120. “Have you found Jack?”
“Yes, he is ____ you told him to go.” Exercise13. 名词性从句
121.我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西更好。
122.你不能想象当他们收到精美的贺年卡时他们多么兴奋。 123.他们失败的原因是对实验没有充分的准备。 124.我真的已经忘了我把字典放在哪儿了。 125.请告诉我你要什么样的咖啡，加不加糖？
126.毫无疑问，没有空气和水人类是不能生存的。 127“夫人，你看见我的鞋子了吗？” “怎么了？它们在原来的地方。”
128.助人者有人助，因此我感激并设法帮助帮过我们的人。 129.Maria 必须照看小孩，那就是她不能和我们出来的原因。 130.父亲许诺如果我通过考试他将来给我买辆自行车。
Ⅲ) 固定结构
1. It is (high/about) time… 该是……的时候了。
2. It is adj. (kind/nice/good/foolish/…) of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事真好/聪明/愚蠢。
3. It is adj. (important/necessary/impossible…) for sb. to do sth… 某人做某事是重要的/必要的/不可能的。
4. I don’t think/believe/expect/…that-clause (否定转移) 我认为、相信、期望……不（非）…… 5. What is sth. /sb. like?
某物是什么样的？某人相貌/人品怎么样？ What does sth./sb. look like? 某物/某人看上去是什么样的？ 6. Would you mind…? ……，你介意吗？ 7. It is no good/use V-ing. 做某事是没用的。 8. It is/has been…since…
She doesn’t come from Canada. Does she come from Canada? Where does she come from? (1) I am free this weekend. → I am not free this weekend. Are you free this weekend? When are you free?
1. 简单句和从属句的转换
(1) I spoke to the woman just now. She can speak several foreign languages. → The woman to whom I spoke can speak several foreign languages. (2) He got up late this morning. He didn’t catch the first bus. → He didn’t catch the first bus because he got u[ late this morning. (3) I didn’t think of buying it earlier. It is a pity. → It is a pity that I didn’t think of buying it earlier. 2. 并列句与从属句和非谓语结构之间的转换
(1) The fish can eat a person in two minutes and they leave only bones. → The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only bones.
(2) He was not allowed to see his sick mother in the hospital. That made him sad. → His being not allowed to see his sick mother in the hospital made him sad. (3) He went home though he didn’t finish his work. → He went home without finishing his work. He went home, his work unfinished.
(4) They haven’t decided where they will go. → They haven’t decided where to go.
(5) If the weather permits, the sports meet will be held as it has been planned. → Weather permitting, the sports meet will be held as planned.
附２ 常用承接、过度词语
表达要点要按一定的词语进行加工、整理，使用一些表示并列、递进、转折等的过渡词，使得文章连贯、自然、流畅。所以，平时练习时应注意掌握并运用下列承接、过渡词语： 1. 表示时间顺序：
now, then, afterwards, later, soon, before long, to begin with, at the beginning, at first, at the end of, in the end, finally… 2. 表示次序：
1) first, second, third…finally/lastly
2) firstly, secondly, thirdly…finally/lastly 3. 表示空间顺序：
above, below, near, far, beside, to the right, on one side… 4. 表示因果关系：
therefore, so as a result, thus, for this reason, hence, for… 5. 表示转折、让步：
however, nevertheless, at any rate, in spite of, yet, but, rather, in fact, actually… 6. 表示并列、同等：
Equally, in the same way, likewise, at the same time, that is (to say), or rather… 7. 表示比较、对照：
by/in contrast, by comparison, in contrast (to), on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, but, just like, just as, similarly… 8. 表示列举：
for example, for instance, to illustrate, such as… 9. 表示意义增补：
in addition (to), besides, and, moreover, fur thermore, what is more, as well, and then… 10. 表示目的：
for the purpose, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to… 11. 表示强调：
indeed, in fact, surely, without, without any doubt… 12. 表示总结、归纳：
in conclusion, in summery, in sum, in a word, in brief, in short, thus, to sum up, to conclude, all in all…
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