Ⅰ Translate the words into Chinese.
1. Globalization 全球化 2. Norm规范 3. diffusior扩散 4. Microculture隐文化 5. Subgroups小组 6. prejudic偏见 7. Stereotypes铅板印刷 8. Rules规则 9.
Networks网络
10. World culture世界文化 11. Macroculture宏观文化 12. Racism种族主义
13. Etnnocentrism种族优越感 14. Capitalism资本主义 15. Socialisn社会主义 16. Agrarianisn土地均分论 17. Educational systems教育系统 18. Cultural heritage天性 19. Polyandry一妻多夫制 20. Monogamy一夫一妻制 21. Cultural Values文化价值 22. Attitudes态度 23. Ethics伦理学 24. Atoribution归属 25. Perception知觉
26. Cultural Patterns文化模式
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27. Individualism个人主义 28. Collectivism集体主义 29. Masculiniry刚毅 30. Femininity温柔 31. Argor隐语 32. Tnough思想t 33. Provert谚语 34. Acronym缩写词 35. Pragmatic独断的 36. Slang俚语 37. Parable寓言 38. Taboo禁忌 39. Jargon梦话
40. Homonyn同音异义字 41. Posture 姿势 42. Chromatics 色彩的 43. Public space国际空间 44. Personal Space私人空间45. Gesture手势 46. Stance击球姿势 47. Siience沉默 48. Haptics触觉的 49. Social Space社会空间 50. Intimate space亲密空间 51. Guideline指导路线 52. Facsimile传真通讯 53. Format格式
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54. Stationery文具 55. Etiquetle礼仪 56. Customs习惯 57. Greeting问候 58. Bribery受贿 59. Resolution决心 60. Variable变化无常的 61. Protocol议定书 62. Strategy策略 63. Stereotype铅板 64. Conflict战斗 65. Formality形式
66. Corporate culture公司文化 67. Organizational culture组织文化68. National culture民族文化 69. Polycentric多中心的 70. Geographic地理学的 71. Regional局部的 72. Headquarter总部 73. Exoatriate逐出国外 74. Context上下文 75. Diserimination辨别 76. Confiict冲突 77. Credentials信任的 78. Desigr计划 79. Adverusing广告 80. Language语言
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81. Egalitarianisn平均主义 82. Openness公开 83. Individualism利已主义 84. Centralization中央集权 85. Indivicuality个性 86. Equaiity相等 87. Reciprocity相互作用 88. Indirectness迂回 89. Counesy礼貌 90. Toierance宽容 91. Withdrawal收回 92. Stereorypes口头禅 93. Prejucice偏见
94. Culture Shock文化休克 95. Goodness善良 96. Verbal语言的 97. Humor幽默 98. Communication沟通 99. Environment环境 100. Consumers消费者 101. Value价值 102. Acculturation涵化 103. Multicultura多文化的l 104. Culture文化
105. Subcultures理论价值 106. Communication沟通 107. Belief信任
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108. Conversation会话 109. Euphemism委婉的 110. Colloquialism口语 111. Oculesics眼神学 112. Olfactics嗅觉 113. Proxemics空间关系学 114. Monochromic单项计时制 115. Paralanguage超语言 116. Chronemics时间关系学 117. Polychromic多色的 118. Superstitions迷信 119. Taboos戒律 120. Honesty诚实 121. Accountability有责任 122. Ethnocentric种族文化 123. Centralization中央集权 124. Openness公开 125. Norms规范 126. Rules规则 127. Roles角色 128. Networks网络 129. Communication交通
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130. Components构成 131. Feedback反馈 132. Location安置 133. Occasion时机 134. Racism种族主义 135. Belief信任 136. Religion宗教 137. Patterns句型 138. Dimension尺寸 139. Distance距离 140. Individualism个人主义141. Collectivism集体主义 142. Masculinity有力的 143. Femininity柔弱的 144. Monochronic单色的 145. Agreements协定 146. Chassification分类 147. Territory领土 148. Emotions情绪 149. Impression印象 150. Silence沉默
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Ⅱ Translate the short phrases into English.
1. Interoultural communication不同文化间沟通 2. International communication国际沟通
3. Interoultural business communication不同文化间商务沟通 4. Intracultural communication文化内涵沟通 5. Cases for Discussion案例分析 6. Economic Systems经济系统
7. Economic dependence between China and EU中国和欧盟之间经济依赖 8. Economic system of the United States美国经济系统 9. Economic system of Japan日本经济系统 10. Poitrical Systems政策系统 11. Educational Systems教育系统
12. Social Hierarchies and Interactior社会等级相互关系 13. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) 国外直接投资 14. GDP (Gross Domestic Products) 国内生产总值 15. social class and status社会等级和地位 16. Cultural Shock文化冲击
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17. Excitement or initial euphoria phase刺激和幸福感阶段 18. Crisis or disenchantment penod危机和醒悟周期 19. Verbal communication口头沟通 20. Linear Language直线语言 21. Noniinear Language非直线语言
22. High-Context Communication高语境语言 23. Low-Context communication低语境语言 24. Conversation Taboos谈话禁忌 Ⅲ Following sentence true (T) or false (F).
1. 2.
More than 2 million North Americans work for foreign employers.
(T)
Because of the glooal boom, more and more business will involve international activities which was called globalization.
(T)
3. The globalization of economies has created a confiuence of cultures when it comes to business practices.
(T)
(T)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Why is intercultural knowledge and understanding so important? There are nundreds of definitions of culture.
(T)
Culture is not something we are born with, but rather it is learned. (T)
(T)
(F)
What is of paramount importance to one group may be virtually meaningless to another.
Behaviors by the employee and the superior in Japanese and the United States are same . The language, physical, and psyohological dimension of culture are interdependent.
(T)
(T)
10. Feedback makes communication a two-way or interactive process. 11. We are also forced to leave out some of the iandscape.
(T)
12. A iittle farther across the continuum are those messages that produce only a mental response. (T)
13. We know that communication systems such as word and nonverbal communication are products of cuiture.
(F)
(T)
14. Culture systems have an impact on multicultural communication. 15. The United States and Japan are not capitaiism.
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(F)
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16. Free market principles tempered by government regulations operate the economy. 17. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies.
(T)
(T)
18. This is an oil-based economy with strong government controis ove major economic activines. (T)
19. The People’s Republic of China is a socialist country under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
(T)
(F) (T)
(T)
(T)
(T)
(T)
20. The educational system of a country may be in formal. 21. The educational system in Japan is very competinve.
22. Russians have always shown a great concem for education.
23. The Education System in Australia consists of a total of 12 years.
24. Germany has one of the world’s best and most extensive sohoo and university system.
25. Saudi Araoia’s educational system, inciuding university instruetion, is funded by the government. 26. Tradinonally, marrage was between paternal first cousins or other patrilinealiy related kin.
(T)
27. The soeial stracture of a society tends to be enduring and is shared by the member of the culture. 28. Vaiues are one feature of every culture and form the oore of a culture.
(T)
(T)
(T)
29. The term vaiues crops up frequently in intercultura communication books. 30. Another issue is about whether cultura values are subject to change. 31. A society’s attitudes toward women are influenced by cultural roots.
(T) (T)
32. This vaiue orientation is concerned with the ways in winich people perceive the relationships with others.
(T)
33. Cultural shock is the trauma you experience when you move into a culture different from your home culture.
(T)
(F)
(T)
34. The symptoms of an individual suffering from culture shock are not easy to spot.
35. In the third stage, the adjustment phase, the person begins to understand the new culture.
36. Careful seiection of persons for overseas assignments is important to enhance chances for a successful
sojourn.
(T)
(T)
37. Maintaining a high degree of tolerance and fiexibility is essential.
38. The ability to see the environment from the perspective of the host nationals in an indication of empatiry.
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(T)
39. Professional qualifications inciude knowledge of business practices in the host culture and technical
competence.
(T)
40. An effective approach to cross-cultural training is to first explore how people adjust to new cultures.
(T)
41. A limitation of this approach is the knowledge learned may coincide with what is actually needed when a
person lives abroad.
(F)
(T)
42. Global managers need feedback and rewards just as managers in the home culture do.
43. Many companies use a rating team headed by a senior human resources management execunve.
(T)
(T)
44. Veroal messages are made up of words and include oral and written communications.
45. Successfu communication with someone from another culture involves understanding a common language.
(T)
(F)
(T)
(T)
46. Language can be one unifying and divisive.
47. Cuiture and language are intertwined and are snaping each other.
48. We all agree that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. 49. This vague terminology is no precise enough for American emphasis on efficiency. 50. Tne structural aspeot includes phonetics and syntax.
(T)[
(T)
51. Each language is suited to describing and dealing with the social realities peculiar to the culture. (T)
52. The primary difference between argot and a foreign language is the relationship between sounds and
meanings.
(T)
(T)
53. Culture is realiy an integral part of the interaction between language and thought. 54. A question emerges from such observations.
(T)
(T)
(T)
55. Today many scholars have litter debate over these two questions.
56. Language diversity is also an important characteristic of Australian society. 57. The diversity between languages and within the same language is arbitrary.
(T)
(T)
58. The diversiry of languages causes problems botn for managers and applicants for jobs.
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59. The arctic peopies have many different words to refer to snow. (T) (T)
60. These conceptual inequivalenoes can cause misunderstanding.
61. Another frequentiy quoted example of the lack of vocabuiary equivalence is from World War II.
(T)[
(F)
62. Native speakers don’t know that this idiom means the old man died.
63. Conversation tabooos are topics considerec inappropriate for conversation with people in certain cultures
and groups.
(T)
64. Humans communicate through a variety of channels.
(T)
65. In the business world, the importance of nonverba ciues has often been discussed extensively.
66. There are some differences between customer groups in how they react to nonverbal behevior. 67. People are more inolined to believe what is expressed nonverbally.
(T)
68. Difference in volume of soeech, for example, are culture specific as well as gender specific. 69. Tnais aiso speak softiy speaking loudly only when they are angry. (T)
70. Differences aiso exist in the rate a which people speak.
(T)
71. The face conveys the mosn expressive types of body language. (T) 72. In some counnies such as China, people rarely snow emotior.
(T) 73. In other cultures there is little direcieye contact.
(T)
74. Cultural difference in ocuiesics indicated why interoultura communication sometimes ineffecnve. 75. These are not the eiements of posture that convey messages.
(T)
76. The posture of persons of higher status is usually more relaxed than that of their subordinates. 77. Consideration should be given to interpersonal space when conversing with others. (T)
78. Most U. S. ousiness relationships begin in the socialzone. (T)
79. Personal zones of space vary from culture to culture.
(T)
80. Our cnoice of seats is another area of ptoxemics to consider. (T) 81. However, haptic behavior is limited to shaking hands.
(F)
82. Olfactics or smell as a means of nonverba communication is no important. (F)
83. Other cultures have quite different concepts of natural odors.
(T)
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(T) (T)
(T)
(T)
(T)
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84. The iength of letters aisc varies country from country. (T)
(T)
85. Some countries still use the indented ietter styie with closed punctuatior. 86. E-mail becomes one of the popwarly used functions of interne.
(T)
87. Cultural differences oegin as soon as communicators encounter one anothen. (T)
(T).
88. In the United States, people are fairly open and invite people easiiy into their homes 89. Each country has its seasons and bccasions for giving gifts.
(T)
90. In many cuinres it is appropriate to take small gifts wher one is invited to enjoy hospitaiity. 91. The opening of gifts alsc varies among culture.
(T)
(F)
(T)
92. Gift giving is not very much a part of conducting business in countries as Japan.
93. Companies give gifts to tneir customers as an expression of appreciation for past and future busines.
(T)
(T)
(T)
94. First of all, we can see that judgments of beauty vary by cultures.
95. Among the Chinese you can see yet another cultural standard for femaie attractiveness. 96. Office customs and practices include typica hours of work, break times.
(T)
97. The office space, attangement of furnishings and seating also embody the office customs in different
cultures.
(T)
(F)
98. In China, people have one long public hoiiday breaks popuiarly named “Goiden Week”.
99. Chinese and Japanese want to honor their foreign business partners by acknowiedging their special
hoiidays.
(T)+
(T)
100. Cultural dining practices and eating customs vary widely.
101. People do not want to abandon their past; therefore, they acculturate new ideas into their existing culture.
(T)
(T)
102. You can encode thoughts into words and you can also encode thoughts into nonspoken symbols.
103. There are more points to keep in mind before we catalog some of the basie principles of communication.
(F)
104. In America and much of Europe, the prevalent view is the communicatior is used to get things done.
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(T)
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105. Many of these conrextual rules are directly related to your culture. (T)
(T)
106. In Mexico, men and women go to church together and remain quiet. 107. The responses you have to messages vary in degree and kind.
(T)
108. At one end of the continuum lie responses to messages that are oven and not easy to understand.
(F)
109. All of you receive and respond to messages, yet the mature of your responses is rooted in your culture.
(T)
(T)
110. Communication becomes even more complex when cultural dimensions are added.
111. Whereas communication is a process, culture is the structure through which the communication is
formulared and interpreted.
(T)
112. In order to have good communication with another culture, you need to understand meanings in that
culture.
(T)
(F)
113. The more points of contaxt you can establish, the less comfortable you feet.
114. Power is the ability to control what happens, to cause things you want to happen and to block things you
don’t want to happen.
(T)
(T)
115. in intercuitural communication, the sources of power are culturally based.
116. Mindsets include the psychological and cultural those make us individuals and make us easy or simiiar.
(F)
(T)
(T)
117. The belief that one s own culture is best is a very natura phenomenon common to all cultures. 118. A culture develops an economic system in order to meer the material needs of its people.
119. The response to tne terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 showed the remarkable resilience of the
economy.
(T)
(F)
120. Japan’s industrial sector is not heavily dependent on imported taw materiais and fuels. 121. Economic growth showed to % for 2005 while inflation remains high.
(T)
122. In other countries, oratory skilis and the ability to sway public opinion may be facton. (T)
(T)
(T)
123. The Government type is Constitution-based federal republic with strong demooratic tradition. 124. Japan, a constitutional monarohy, has a emperor with no governing power as its head of state.
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125. It has a two brancb system of government modeied after the United States. 126. Austraiia has a three-tien (Federal, State, and Local) system of governmen.
(T)
(T)
(T)
127. In addition, some countries place more emphasis on informal rather that formal education. 128. Institutions of higher leaming supponed by public funds are not absolutely free. 129. The Japanese educational system is highly centraiized and administered.
(T)
(T)
130. Today, 95 percent of Japanese students are enrolled in some type of pre-school program, either
kinderganen or day-care.
(T)
(T)P
(F)
131. Many of the histoncal and cultural characteristics shape its education as well. 132. High schools are generally divided into three categories, general and vocational. 133. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study.
(T)
134. Higher education is provided by public and non-public (non-State) accredited higher education instnutions
(HEls).
(T)
135. Great Britain has free and compulsory education for thcse between the ages of 5 and 16, and its litetacy
rate is 99 percent.
(T)
(T)
(T)
136. After leaving school many young people go to colleges for further education.
137. Children age four to six attend kindergarten with boys and girls in the same classroom. 138. The nuciear family is not the cultural ideal but is not always the reality.
(F)
(T)
139. Americans often distinguish between blood reiatives and relatives through marriage.
140. Most families, especiaily in urban areas, are nuclear, consisting of the parents and their children. 141. Family backgroun and educational leve are not imponant conideration in matchmaking.
(F)
(T)
142. Family life is changing, and there are tensions between kinship ties and some contemporary socia values.
(T)
(T) (T)
143. Kinship is patrilineal, and women continue to remain members of their kin groups after marriage. 144. The use of intermediaries in societies can tell you a greet deal about the makeup of the society. 145. There is a strong cultural belief in the reality of equal opportunity and economic mobiiity.
(T)
146. The two main social classes are the working class, the middle class, and apper class, but the boundaries
between these groups are a matter of debate.
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(F)
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147. People frequently characterize themselves as working class or middle class. (T)
(T)
148. Furthermore, what is important about values is that they get translated into action.
149. For example, the cutlook of a culture toward the expression of emotion is one of the many vaiues that differ
among cultures.
(T)
150. Another example is about the value toward the eiderly, which is often very different as you move from
culture to culture.
(T)
Ⅳ Fill in the gaps in a short article with a suitable word.
1.
If culture is ieamed, it is alsc learnable. That means nobody ① a lifetime iocked inside only one culture. If you want ② understand other culture, you car iearn them — not just learn ③ them but acrually ges inside them and aot according ④ what is expectec in them. Many people nave earnec more ⑤ one culture and move comfonably ⑥ them. When cncumstances diozate, they make the transition ⑦ one culture ⑧ another easily. Businesses don’t have ⑨ accept faiiure it culture simply because no representative of the organization grew ⑩ in that culture (Beamer & Vamer, 2001).
① for ② to ③ about ④ to ⑤ than ⑥ within ⑦ from ⑧ to ⑨ to ⑩ up 2.
The People’s Republic of China is a ① country under the leadersnip of the Communist Party of China. Acoording to the “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,” the state’s funoamenta law, the soolaiis systen is the basic ② of China; the people’s ③ is China’s poiitical system and the ④ of ownership with the public
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ownership as the ⑤ and mukiple sectors of the economy existing side by side is China’s economic system. ⑥ to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, China’s state institutions are composed of the foiiowing sections; The National People’s Congress, which is China’s supreme organ of state ⑦ ; Chairman of the People’s Republic of China State Council, . the Centra people’s Government, which is the executive organ of the supreme organ of state power and the state’s supreme administrative organ; The Central Military Commission of China, which is the supreme miiitary leading ⑧ , leading and commanding the country’s armed forces; The ⑨ People’s Coun, which is the country’s ⑩ judicial organ; The Supreme People’s Procuratorate, which is the country’s highest procuratoria organ. Suffrage is 18 years of age and universal (Chaney & Martin, 2000).
① sociaiist ② system ③ congress ④ form ⑤ basis ⑥ According ⑦ power ⑧ organ ⑨ Supreme ⑩ highest 3.
China’s ① system is composed of 4 components, i. e. basic education, occupationa / polytechnic education, common higher education and ② education.
To provide for its ③ , China has a vast and varied school system. There are preschools, kindergartens, schools for the deaf and biind, key schools (similar to coliege preparatory schools), primary schools, seoondary schools (comprising junior and ④ middie schools, secondary agricultural and vocationa schools, reguiar secondary scnoois, secondary teachers schools, secondary tecnnical scnoois, and secondary professional schools), and various insntutions of higher learning (consisting of regular colleges and ⑤ , professional colleges, and short-term vocational universities).
Altnough the ⑥ has authority over the education system, the Chinese Communist Party has played a role in
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managing education since 1949. The party estabiished broad education policies and under Deng Xiaoping, tied improvements ir the ⑦ of education to its modernization plan. For ⑧ , the Compuisory Education Law is the Law on Nine-Year ⑨ Education, which took effect July 1, 1986, estabiished reouirements and deadlines for attaining ⑩ education tailored to loca conditions and guatanteed school age children the right to receive education.
① education ② adult
③ popuiation ④ senior ⑤ universities ⑥ government ⑦ quality ⑧ example ⑨ Compuisory ⑩ universal 4.
According to custom, marriages are arranged by the couple’s ① . While this system is less rigid than it once was, it is still ② for young people to use matchmakers. People take a pragmatic approach to marriage, and ever those who cnose their own spouses ofter take practica considerations as ③ as romantic ones into account. The legal age for ④ is twenty for women and twenty-two for men. A marriage law enacted by the communists in 1949 gave women the right to choose their ⑤ and file for divoroe.
It is common for several ⑥ to live together under one roof. After marriage, a woman traditionally leaves her parents home and becomes part of her husband’s family. Even today, many young aoults ⑦ to live with their parents after marriage, party ⑧ of a housing shortage in the cities. Extended famiiy is extremely important, and the wealtny and wel ⑨ often hire genealogists to research their famiiy trees. Famiiy ⑩ , ever distant reiations, are valued above outsiders. The passing on of the family name is of great mportance.
① parent ② common
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③ much ④ marriage ⑤ husbands ⑥ generations ⑦ continue ⑧ because ⑨ educated ⑩ members 5.
The Communist Party professes the ideals ① a ciassless society. Both the ganbu, or poiitical leaders, and the peasant masses share the same interests and goais and therefore should function ② unisor for the commor good. It reality, ③ is a large and growing gap between the rioh and the poor. Wealtiry people live in the ciner, while the poor tend ④ be concentrated in ⑤ countryside. However, farmers have begus ⑥ migrate to the cities in search of work in increasing numbers, giving rise to nousing and empioyment problems and creating a burgeoning class of urban poor people.
⑦ China, “reiationsnips” or “connections” (Guanxi) is ⑧ network of elaborate reiationships promonng trus and co-operation and for centuries was the main way of accompiishing everyday tasks. Estabiishing a sincere, supportive relationship based ⑨ mutual respect is a fundamental aspeot of Chinese culture. ⑩ the world of business, possessing the right guanxi is orucial for ensuring the minimization of difficulties and frustrations tnat are often encountered.
① of ② in ③ there ④ to ⑤ the ⑥ to ⑦ In ⑧ a
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⑨ on ⑩ In 6.
Australia has an enviab e Western-style capitalist economy ① a per capita GDP on par with the four dominarn West European economies. The ② of currency is the Australia ③ . Rising output in the domestic economy, robust business and consumer confidence, and rising expon of ④ materials and agricultoral products are fueling the economy. Australia’s emphasis on reforms, low ⑤ , and growing ties with China are other key factors behind the economy’s strength. The impact of drought, weak foreign ⑥ , and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up from $ 8 ⑦ in 2002, to $ 18 billion in 2003, $ 13 billion in 2004, and nearly $ 17 billon in 2005. Housing ⑧ probably peaked in 2005, diminishing the prospecr that ⑨ rates would be raised to prevent a speculative bubble. Conservative fiscal ⑩ have kept Australia’s budget in surplus from 2002 to 2005.
② unit ③ Dollar ④ raw ⑤ infiation ⑥ demand ⑦ billion ⑧ prices ⑨ interest ⑩ policies 7.
In Germany, the basic kinship group, ① defined by law, is the nuclear family, consisting of opposite ② parmers, usually married, and their children; and, in fact, the majority of households are made ③ of married couples with or without children. Nevertheless, the rising numbers of children ④ are oom to unmarried mothers, the rising divorce rate, and the growth of alternative forms of parmership have, ⑤ 1979, iec to a broadening of the concept of family and a liberalization of family law and family poiicy.
It is unfortunate, ⑥ , that official statistics direct attention so single-mineedly to the nuclear family or variations thereof (unmarried couples, single parents) and cause observers to ⑦ family ties with grandpatents, grown siblings,
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cousins, and other consanguineal or affinal relatives. Nevertheless, it is clear ⑧ ties with more distant relatives are a vital ⑨ of kinship in Germany at the onset of the twenty-first century, as is especially evident on hoiidays, at key ⑩ in the lifecycle of individuals, and in large family projecu such as moving.
① as ② sex ③ up ④ who ⑤ since ⑥ however ⑦ overlook ⑧ that ⑨ part ⑩ points 8.
Cultural differences also exist concerning the relationship ① male and female as ② as the status of womer in a society. For ③ , the equality of men and women in the workplace has been a sensitive issue in the United ④ . Although 60 percent of U.S. women of employment age work, they still do not receive ⑤ pay and responsibility. However, Women in the Unities States are being given inoreased ⑥ for business travel, management positions in overseas operations, and transfers to overseas essignments. In other ⑦ , however, treatment of men and ⑧ in the workplace differs substantially, and women in some cultures play a ⑨ prominent role in business than do men. For example, in some Middle Eastem countries, men may ⑩ to work with women; women executives in Latin American may not receive the same respect given men executives (Althen, 1988).
① between ② well ③ example ④ States ⑤ equal ⑥ opportunities
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⑦ countriea ⑧ women ⑨ ltes ⑩ refuse 9.
Soc al class in Germany is not ① a matter of training, employment, and income but alsc a style of ② , self-understanding, and self-display. Variations in interior cesign in private residences, eating habits, taste in music ard in other entertainment forms, ③ materials, personal hygiene and clothing, sexua behavior, and leisure aetivities can all be viewed ④ indexes of association with one of a finite set of social milieus.
As ⑤ Western European cultures, Germany is marked by a strong sense of individualism. Nevertheiess, the desire to achieve one’s ⑥ goals and successes is coupled with a keen sense of responsibiiity for “the good of the community;” for ⑦ , in many business ⑧ , not only the financial benefits to the company are important, but also thcse of its employees. The structure of ⑨ German business decision-making requires consensual input from ⑩ employers and employees-which can render decisions comparatively slow.
① only ② life ③ reading ④ as ⑤ most ⑥ own ⑦ example ⑧ decisions ⑨ much ⑩ bbth 10.
Chinese, Japanese, Arabs, and Meditenanean peoples, ① have extensive information networks among family, friends, colleagues, and clients and who ② involved in close personal relationships are high-contex. As a ③ , for most normal transactions in daily life they do not require, nor do they expect ④ in depth, background information.
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This is because they keep themselves informed about everything having to do with the people who are important in their ⑤ . Low-context people inciude Americans, Germans, Swiss, Scandinavians, and other northern ⑥ ; they compartmentaiize their personal relationships, their work, and many aspecrs of day-to-day ⑦ . Consequently, each time they interact with ⑧ they need detaiied background information. The French are much higher on the context scale than wither the Germans or the ⑨ . This difference can affect vinually every situation and every relationship in ⑩ the members of these two opposite traditions find themselves.
①who ②are ③resuh ④much ⑤lives ⑥Europeans ⑦life ⑧others ⑨Americans ⑩which
Ⅴ Translate the articles into Chinese.
1.
Marcia A. Smith, presioent of Coiumbia Cascade, tells of the following incident when on a trip to France in 1992. As a woman, Smith faced an additional diiemma. She quickly realized she was butting neads with foreign corporaie executives who nad a customary requirement-no deaiing with women. “He did not want to talk to me, so I had to sens my (male) vice presidem,” she says. “I don’t care who goes in to negotiate the deal. I just think you need to be absohnely aware of the cultural differences.”
Smith didn’t being a woman keep her from succeeding abroad: Columbia’s ciients today include foreign govemments, some 50 foreign companies, and 25 academic institutions.
玛其亚·A·史密斯，哥伦比亚生态协会主席，讲诉了他在1992年去法国旅行的时候遇见的事情：
做为一个女人，史密斯面对着另外一个国境。她很快地实现了与国外公司常常需要与妇女交流的行政官员接上了头。她说这个行政官员不想与我交谈，因此我必须派我的男性副主席去接洽。我不在乎谁去参加这种交易的谈判。我正在-19
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想你需要完全了解双方的文化差异。
史密斯不想让做为一个女人离开她的国家到国外发展。现在哥伦比亚的客户包括外国政府，50多个外国公司和25个学术学院。
2.
Many Korean chiidren and chiidren of other nationalities have been adopred by U. S. Americans. Generally these chiidren were reared in homes where the parents were not of the nationality of the adopted child. Sometimes afet the children become adults they return to their native country to learn about people of their own ethnic hertage. Would language differences poss a problem? What cultural problems would they have?
许多外国儿童和其它国家的儿童被美国人领养了。大概这些孩子们在家里抚养他们的父母不是来自领养的国家。有时候这些孩子长大成人后，他们要返回他们的出生地，向当地人学习他们自己民族的文化。语言的差异将产生什么样的问题？他们会有什么样的文化问题呢？
3.
A U. S. producrion manager, Joe Sorrells, is sent to manage a manufacturing faoility in Mexioo. Upon anival, his assistant production manager, Juan Lopez, suggests they go to the factory to meet the workers who have been awaining his anival. Joe deciines Juan’s offer and cnooses instead to get right to work on determining why the quaiiry and prooucnon rate of the Mexican plant are not equal to the U. S. plant. Juan stresses the importance of gerning to know the workers first, but Joe lets Juan know he was sent to Mexioo to straighten things our, not to form friendships with the local worker. Without further comment, Juan get Joe the figures and recorcs he requests. Joe instigated a number of changes and felt sure the plan he had prepared would improve quaiity and increase produotion. After a couple of months, no improvement has been made, Joe cannot understand why the workers seem to resist his pians. What went wrong?
琼·萨立斯，一个美国生产管理者，被选派到墨西哥管理一个设备制造工厂。到达后，他的助手、生产管理者吉安·罗帕斯建议他到工厂去见见已经在那里等他到来的工人们。琼拒绝吉安的提议，并选择留下来继续工作来断定为什么墨西哥工厂的质量和生产率与美国不相等。吉安强调了首先应当去认识工人们的重要性，但是琼想要吉安明白他被派往墨西哥是来解决生产问题的，而不是来与工人们建立友谊的。吉安没作更多的解释并按琼的要求把生产进度表和生产记录拿给了他。琼做了许多变动并且把他已经准备好的可行计划用来改变其生产质量和提高生产率。两个月后，质量和生产率没有什么改善，琼不明白为什么工人们似乎抵制了他做的这个计划，是哪里出了毛病呢？
4.
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Wang Ping, a Chinese university iecturer, was teaching in b Mexican university. He had made some friends with professors and students there. One day he went to a party where the atmospnere became less and less inhioited. Wang Ping noticed that men and women touched each other a lot more than he was used to. At the end of the party, most people hugged each other good-bye. One woman came to hg Wang Ping, but he stiffened as she arempred to give him a hug. He had never hugged any womer except his wife in his iife. Other women noticed this and no one eise tried to hug him.
However, Wang Ping feh ieft out when peopie nugged each other but not him. He found himself in a very awiward situation: he did not want to be left our. He did not know what he wanted or how to resolve his confncting emotions. Are you accustomed to being hugged by other people? Do you like it? If you were in the place of Wang Ping, what would you do?
王平，一个中国大学的讲师，正在墨西哥大学授课。他已经在这与当地一些教授和学生交上了朋友。一天他去参加一个集会，在当地这种活动几乎不被禁止。王平注意到那些与会者的男男女女相互接触并拥抱在一起，比他曾经见过的要开放得多。晚会结束时，绝大部分人互相拥抱在一起说再见。一个女人走到他面前试图拥抱他一下，他面部表情僵硬地站在那里不知所措。在他的生活中，除了他妻子外，他从来也没有与任何女人拥抱过。另外一个女人注意到了这些，从此再也没有人试图拥抱他了。
然而，当人们除了他之外都互相拥抱的时候，王平意识到该离开这里了。他发现他自己正处在一个非常尴尬的境地；他并不想离开。他并不知道他要做什么或怎样才能消除他不相容的这种情绪。你有被别人拥抱过的经历吗？你喜欢吗？如果你处在王平的位置上，你将会怎么做呢？
5.
Two professors from the United States were sitting in the office for foreign trade in former East Genmany waiting for an appointment. A businessman entered and sat down, obviously aiso waiting for an appointmen. Without having spoken to the newcomer or without having heard him speak, the two professors looked at each other and agreed, another American. How did they know? The button-down coliar the style of the suit and the wingnp shoes were clear signals. They were right he was American. Discuss the importance of appropnak business attire ir intercultural communication.
来自于美国的两个教授正坐在前东德外贸公司的办公室里等待约见。一个商人也进到办公室里并坐在那里，明显地也是在等待约见。两位教授没有对新来的人谈话或也没有听到他讲话，两人互相看了一眼并一致认为他也是个美国人。他们怎么知道的呢？扣下的领子，这种服式的风格和翼尖的皮鞋都是明显的特征。他们是对的：他是个美国人。在跨-21
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文化沟通方面来讨论研究合适的商业服装的重要性。
6.
A Chinese corporation has sent four people to meet with a group from a Russian organization. As the groups have had previous negotiations and contact, the Chinese group is hoping to go home with an agreement. The first meeting lasts 12 hours and ends in a deadiock. After agreeing to meet the next day, one of the Chinese negotiators notices the Russians leaving for an evening on the town. The nex morning the meeting is a repeat of the first except that it is cut short so the Russian negotiators can play golf. All agree to meet the next morning. The Chinese lead negotiator asks his company for time to wait our the Russians. Three weeks later (after many repear meetings with no concessions), the Russians begin to make concessions. What do you know of the Russian culture that could explain what happened? Did the Chinese negotiator make the right move or would pressure have made the Russians move faster?
一中国股份有限公司已派出4人去会见来自一俄罗斯机构的代表团。因为事先已和这个代表团进行了谈判和接触。中国代表团希望回国前能和俄罗斯方面签署一个协议。第一次会议持续了12个小时并在僵局中结束。经协商同意第二天继续，一个中国谈判代表注意到俄罗斯代表离开谈判驻地到了城区一夜未归。第二天早晨会议除缩短之外仍就重复着第一次会议的内容，因为俄罗斯代表要打高尔夫球。所有人都同意第二天上午继续开会。中国谈判的领导要求他的公司人员耐心等待俄罗斯代表的答复。三周过去了，（没有让步好多次重复会议后）俄罗斯开始让步了。你们了解俄罗斯文化吗？你能解释都发生过什么事情吗？中国谈判人员能做出正确的回答吗？或者这种压力将使得俄罗斯谈判人员行动会更快些吗？
7.
Glcoalization of national economies and business has had a great impact on capital, technology and trade flows but it has also had a major impact on national values, thought processes and the actions of people, organizaions and institutions. The American fast food giant, McDonald’s, is a dramatic example of how a company that does business around the globe can have an impact on local cultural traditions that seem totally unrelated to their main product — fast food. The company is also a prime example of how a company can think giobally and act localiy. In many countries — at least among the younger generations — McDonald’s is considered a local company. In these countries, McDonald’s has been absorbed into the local communities and become essimilated. It is nc onger thought of as a foreign restaurant — and in many ways it no longer functions as one. The company is abour more than the globalization of hamburgers — it is about altering culture.
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国家经济和商务的全球化不仅对资本、技术和贸易流量有重要影响，而且对国民价值观、人们的思维方式和行为、组织机构产生影响。美国快餐臣头麦当劳，它在许多国家经营成功不仅是通过主要产品——快餐食品，面是它全球化思维和本地化行为结合的最好例证。在很多国家——至少年轻一代人中——麦当劳被认为是一家本地公司。在这些国家里，麦当劳被容纳到当地社会并成为其一分子。已不再被认为是一家外国餐馆了——并且在很多地区已不再把它当作单一的企业了。该企业并不仅是国际化的汉堡包，而且是一种变更的文化。
8.
Values are one feature of every culture and form the core of a culture. The connection between values and culture is so strong that it is nard to talk about one without the other (Samova - & Porter, 2004).
Different scnolars have different definitions about cultural values. According to Tiedemann, “Values are socia pnnciples, goais, or standards accepted by persons in a culture, They establish what proper and improper behavior as well as what is normal and abnormal behavior”. As Macionis notes, values are “culturaliy defined standare of desirability, goodness and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.” As Nanda and Warms point out, “Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful those underiie cultural panerns and guids society in response to the physical and social environment.”
价值观是文化的核心，价值观和文化之间的连接是紧密的，你很难说清其中一方而忽略了另一方。
学者对文化价值观有不同的定义。根据泰迪曼所说，价值观是社会原则、目标或者在文化方面人们可接受的标准”。价值观的正常的、不正常的行为一样是建立在道德和不道德的行为之中的。像玛西尼斯解释的那样，价值观是“合意亲切和美好的文化规定标准”。像那达和沃姆指出的那样，价值观是种真诚、正确和美好的理念。对于物质和社会环境面构成那些文化典范管理社会的基础。
9.
Language can be both unifying and divisive. A common native language ties people together yet the presence of many different native languages in a small geographic area can cause problems. Culture and language both affect each other. We have the chicken and egg diiemma — which came first, the language or the culture? The use of language / culture in creating political, social, economic, and education processes is a consequence of favoring certain ideals over others. Understanding the culture without understanding the language is difficult.
For instance, since most . Americans are immigrants and have learned English, their native languages have died. Although many . citizens may not speak the languages of their ancestors, many of the thought patterns nave been passed from generation to generation such as how one shows affection for male and female friends, male and
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female family members, and an acquaintance. Generally when people want to continue speaking their na ve language, it is because they are abie to express their thoughts more clearly and maintain what is culturall comfortable.
语言可能是统一和分离两种形式。一种普遍的地方语言把人们捆绑在一起，然而在一个小的地域里有有许多不同的地方语言可能引起麻烦。不同的文化和语言这两方面的问题相互影响着。我们是先有鸡还是先有蛋——哪个在先，是语言还是文化？在产生政治、社会、经济和教育的过程中，语言和文化的使用是一种超越其它方面某些思想的结果。了解文化而不了解语言是非常困难的。
例如，因为许多美洲人是移民来的，学的是英语，但已不会讲他们的本地语言了。虽然许多美国市民可能不会讲他们祖先的语言，但是许多思维方式经过一代人一代人地传了下来。像一个人怎么样才能显示出对男女朋友、男女家庭成员和一个熟人的吸引力，一般地讲，当人们想继续讲他们的地方语言时，是因 他们能够用当地方言更清楚地表达他们的思想和维持其文化流传。
10.
Miscommunication occurs more easily in nonverbal communication, especially in cross-cultural situations. Like different languages, nonverbal behaviors vary from culture to culture. Arab men often greet by kissing on both cheeks. In Japan, men greet by bowing, and in the United States, people snake hands, in Tnailand, to signal another person to come neat, one moves the fingers back and forth with the paim down. In the United States, people beckon someone to come by holding the palm up and moving the fingers toward our body. When Chinese converses with a Canadian or American friend of the opposite sex, it would not be indecent to be looking at the other person. Crossing one’s legs in the United States is often a sign of being relaxed; in Korea, it is social taboc. Muslims consider the ieft hand unclean and do not eat or pass objects with it. So your nonverbal signais can be misinterureted even more easily than verbal symbols (words). Even the smallest and most innocent gesture can be enough to cause grave offence in a cross cultural situation. And the misunderstandings can be harder to ciear up because people may be awars of the nonverbal cues.
错误的语言沟通非常容易发生在非语言沟通上，特别容易发生在跨文化语言方面。像不同的语言，非语言行 不同于从文化到文化。阿拉伯人经常通过亲吻两边的脸颊来表示问候。在日本，通过鞠躬表示问候，在美国，用握手的方式表示，在泰国，接近另一个人手指并拢手心向下。在美国，人们通过手心向上移动手指向某人打招呼。当中国人与异性的加拿大或美国朋友谈话时，不能起直勾勾地看着对方。在美国，两人交叉着腿谈话通常是种很放松的姿势；在朝鲜，是一种社会禁忌。穆斯林认为左手不干净，不用它吃饭和传递物品。因此，你的非语言暗示可能更容易比语言-24
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信号被误解。在跨文化交际中，甚至连最轻微的和更单纯的一个手势都极有可能引起众怒。误会也可能不是很难解决的，因为人们可能都清楚非语言的暗示信号。
25. Japanese proverbs日本谚语
26. Slang and Other informal Language俚语和其它非正式语言 27. Parables and Proverbs寓言和谚语 28. Negotiation Process谈判进程 29. Negotiation Model谈判方式 30. Organization structure组织结构 31. Multinational firm多国公司 32. Internationaiization国际化 33. National subsidiaries国家子公司 34. international division国际分界 35. family orientation家庭倾向性 36. Management style管理风格 37. Managing confiict管理冲突
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38. Cross-cultural team跨文化组织 39. Adaptation of product产品适应性 40. Emerging Markets市场形成
41. international Website Marketing国际网址市场 42. Attribution traming归属训练 43. Cultural Values文化价值观 44. Managerial ability管理能力 45. International flexibiiity国际灵活性 46. Language faciity语言能力 47. Sensitivity training敏感性培训方式 48. Writing skills写作技巧
49. Electronic Communication电子交流 50. Customary behavior习惯举止 51. Melting pot溶解度
52. Frontstage culture前置文化 53. Backstage culture后置文化 54. Cultural synergy文化合力 55. Economic Systems经济体系 56. European Union (EU) 欧洲联盟 57. Social reciprocity社会相关性 58. Power Distance动力差异
59. Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性回避 60. Cultural shock文化冲击 61. Adjustment phase调整状态 62. Reentry shock再次冲击 63. Intellectual model知识型 64. Acceptance phase承受状态
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65. Platinum Rule白金标准 66. Interaction approao相互接近
67. Nonverbal Communication非语言沟通 68. Facial Expression面部表情 69. Writing Tone写作风格 70. Writing Style写作式样 71. Extending Invitations扩大招待 72. Business Card Exchange交换业务卡 73. Business attire职业服装 74. Verbal Exprestion语言交流 75. Personal Construct个人创作 76. Personal freedom个人自由 77. Self-reliance有自信心 78. individual rights个人权利 79. Hard work艰苦工作
80. Personal achievement个人成就 81. Marketing Across Cultures跨文化营销 82. Consumer research消费者调查 83. Brand Name名牌名称
84. Understanding Culture悟性文化 85. ntracultural communication内部文化沟通 86. international communication国际沟通 87. Communication Defined交通规定 88. Communication Barriers沟通障碍 89. Cultural Iceberg文化冰山 90. Potentia Problems潜在问题
91. ntercultural Communication不同文化沟通
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92. Communication Competence沟通能力 93. Critically Evaluata紧急评估 94. Language Diversity语种不同 95. Vocabulary Equivalence词汇等值 96. Host Language大众语言 97. Nonlinear Language无线语言 98. Cultural Conflicts文化冲突
99. The Cross-Cultural Team跨文化团队 100. Global Challenges全球挑战
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