语法——定语从句

第10讲 定语从句

定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词that, which, who(whom宾格，whose所有格)和关系副词where, when, why。关系代词和关系副词除起连接作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的成分。在语法填空中，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的用法，在短文改错中主要考查关系代词和关系副词的误用。

核心考点01 考查关系代词who, whom和whose的用法

关系代词who可以在从句中作主语和宾语；whom在从句中作宾语；whose在从句中作定语。作答时，首先要判断句子是否是定语从句，然后找出句中的先行词，再判断先行词是指人还是指物，如果是指人，则要根据关系代词在句中所作的句子成分来判断所要填的关系代词或关系代词是否错误。

典例分析1

(2017天津卷)My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.

【解析】句意:我的大儿子此刻正在纽约,他的工作使他在全世界奔波。分析句子结构可知, 定语从句的引导词在从句中作定语修饰work。

【答案】whose

典例分析2

With the fast development of agriculture, the people, in________ village she taught 10 years ago, have lived a happy life.

【解析】句意：随着农业的快速发展，在她10年前教书的村子里，人们一直过着幸福的生活。考查定语从句。in whose village＝in people’s village，关系词在从句中作定语，所以填whose。

【答案】whose

状元提醒

1.关系代词who, whom, that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。 2.whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指考试状元

物，它还可以同of which互换）。 核心考点02 考查关系代词that和which

that和which作关系代词都可以指代事物，在从句中作主语和宾语，但是that和which在具体的运用上有许多不同之处，因此，that和which的用法也是语法填空和短文改错考查的重点。

典例分析

(2017全国卷II)In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.

【解析】句意：在业余时间，他们喜欢在自家的屋顶花园里种植蔬菜。先行词是garden，关系词在分析在定语从句中作主语，由于that不能用在非性定语从句中，所以把that改为which。

【答案】that→ which

状元提醒

关系代词that和which的用法区别

1. 限定性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况

(1) 当先行词为不定代词all, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等时。

They want to do everything that they can to help us out of trouble. 他们要尽力帮助我们摆脱困境。

(2) 当先行词被only, very, just, last, all, no, little, few, any等词修饰时。 This is the very film that I want to see.这正是我要想看的电影。 (3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

The first thing that you should do is to listen carefully. 你要牢记的第一件事情是仔细听。 (4)当先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我看过的最有趣的书。 (5)当先行词既有人又有物时。

The things and people that I met there were strange.

第10讲 定语从句

我在那里遇到的人和事都很奇怪。 （6）当主句主语是who或which时。

Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat? 穿红色外套的女孩子是谁？

（7）当有两个定语从句时，第一个定语从句用which引导时，另一个用that。

The TV set which I bought from the shop that opened last month was broken. 我从上个月开门的那家商店购买的电视机坏了。 2. 先行词指物时，关系代词只用which不用that的情况 (1)在非性定语从句中。

He got the first prize, which made his parents very happy. 他获得了一等奖,这使得父母很高兴。 (2)紧跟在介词后面时。

I want to borrow some money with which to buy a car. 我想借些钱用来买车。 (3)先行词后面有插入语时。

Here is the book which, as I’ve told you, is very helpful. 这就是那本我告诉你的有用的书。 (4)先行词本身就是that时。

What’s that which flashed through the sky? 在天空中一闪而过的是什么？

核心考点03 考查as引导的定语从句

(1) as引导非性定语从句，主要起承接上下文的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如”，常用在下面习惯用语中。

is well-known to all 众所周知

is often the case is expected

„„是常有的事情 正如所预料的那样 正如前文所述 正如上面提到的 正如宣布的

as has been said before

is mentioned above as is announced

考试状元

如:

as is reported on TV 正如电视上报到的

As is announced in the newspaper, our country has launched another man-made satellite. 正如报纸上所报道的,我国又发射了一颗人造卫星。 As Engels pointed out, labor created man himself. 正如恩格斯指出的那样,劳动创造了人本身。 John got beaten in the game, as had been expected. 约翰在比赛中失利,这是我们预料到的事。

A new building will be built, as is reported in today’s newspaper. 正如今天报纸所报道的,新大楼将动工。

典例分析

________ is mentioned above, substances are constantly undergoing physical and chemical changes.

【解析】句意：如上所述，物质总是在进行着物理变化和化学变化。分析句子结构可知，句子是非性定语从句，关系词作主语，含有“正如”的意思，所以填As。

【答案】As 状元提醒

关系代词as与which区别 1.位置不同

as和which引导非性定语从句时，都可以指代整个句子，但是as位置比较灵活，既可以放在主句前，又可以放在主句后，有时还可以插入主句中，而which从句只能放在主句后。

He is a teacher, which/as is clear from his manner. 他是一位老师，从他的仪表可以清楚地看出。 2.含义不同

as引导非性定语从句，有 “如，正如”的含义，which引导的非性定语从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是 “这件事”。 He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. 他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。 (2) 先行词受到such, as, the same修饰时, 用as引导; 若先行词与关系词在定语从句中

第10讲 定语从句

所指代的内容是指同一件东西时, 关系词则需用that。如:

I have never seen such kind of people as they are. 我从来没见过像他们这样善良的人。 I received as nice a gift as my mother promised. 我收到一件跟我母亲许诺过的一样好的礼物。 Do you want to buy the same radio as was shown on TV? 你想买和电视里一样的收音机吗?

She was wearing the same dress that she had on the day before yesterday. 她穿的正是前天穿的那件衣服。

典例分析

He is such a good teacher ______ every student likes very much.

【解析】句意：他是一位好老师，我们都非常喜欢他。先行词前有such修饰，构成定语从句，故用as。

【答案】as

核心考点04 考查关系副词when, where和why的用法

关系副词when, where和why除了引导定语从句外，还在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。

典例分析

(2016天津卷) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.

【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语，所以填when。

【答案】when

状元提醒

当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词或reason时，关系词用when, where, why还是which/that要根据关系词在句中所作的成分来决定，作状语时要用when, where, why，作宾语、主语时要用that或which。

At dusk, they came to a beautiful garden which has a lot of flowers in it.

考试状元

傍晚时他们来到一个花园，里面有很多花。 Is this the reason that he explained at the meeting? 这就是他在大会上解释的原因吗？

核心考点05 考查“介词+关系代词which”引导的定语从句

“介词+关系代词which”也可引导定语从句，在句中作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when, where和why。“介词+关系代词which”表示地点时，有时句子需要用完全倒装形式。

典例分析

He wrote a letter in ______ he explained what had happened in the accident.

【解析】句意：他写了一封信, 信中他解释了事故中发生了什么。本句是“介词+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，关系代词作in的宾语，所以填which。

【答案】which 状元提醒

在“介词+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用可根据下列三方面去考虑：

1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来考虑。

This is the house in which they used to live.（介词in依据live in这一常见搭配） 这就是他们过去住的房子。

2.根据先行词的习惯搭配或意义来考虑。

The farm on which we worked ten years ago isn’t what it used to be.（先行词The farm在从句中作地点状语，“在农场”常用on the farm，故用on which，相当于where）

十年前我们工作过的那个农场已不是过去的样子了。 3.根据句子的具体含义来考虑。

The pen with which he is writing now was bought yesterday.

他现在写字用的那枝笔是昨天买的。（with which表示“使用工具”）

核心考点06 考查“不定代词/名词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句

“不定代词/名词/数词+ of + 关系代词”可引导定语从句，在句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。当先行词指人时，用whom；先行词指物时，用which；作定语用whose。

第10讲 定语从句

典例分析 1

(2017江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

【解析】句意:1963年,联合国设立了世界粮食计划署, 其目的之一是缓解全球饥荒。分析句子结构可知, 先行词the World Food Programme与purpose构成所属关系, 所以填whose。

【答案】whose

典例分析 2

Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of has been proved.

【解析】句意:科学家们已经提出许多关于为什么人类哭泣时会流泪的理论, 其中没有一个被证实。分析句子成分可知,空处引导定语从句, 此处是非性定语从句, which代替many theories, 故应用 which引导该定语从句。

【答案】 which

状元提醒

“复合介词短语+关系代词”引导的定语从句, 常与先行词用逗号隔开, 定语从句常用倒装语序。

He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一个大房子里, 房子的前面有一棵大树。

核心考点07 容易与定语从句混淆的常见结构

(一) 状语从句

判断是定语从句还是状语从句的关键是寻找是否有先行词,有先行词的句子则为定语从句。由when和where引导的句子,其前面无先行词则为状语从句。

典例1

It was five o’clock _____ Tom came to see me yesterday afternoon. 【解析】句中无先行词,故when引导的句子为时间状语从句, it指时间。 【答案】when 典例2

When you read the book, you’d better make a mark_____ you have any questions.

考试状元

【解析】句中无先行词, where引导地点状语从句。 【答案】where 典例3

He is such an honest boy we all like.

【解析】此句为定语从句,先行词boy在从句中作like的宾语,且先行词被such修饰,故要用as。如果只考虑句意 “他是个如此诚实的孩子,我们都喜欢。”感觉使用that,构成“such...that”表示“如此„„以至于”,that引导结果状语从句。但认真分析句子结构后可以看出,从句中缺少like的宾语,因此不是结果状语从句;that只在定语从句中充当成分,因此此句是定语从句。

【答案】as 状元提醒

判断从句中缺少宾语,要用关系代词,然后再看先行词是否特殊,则可以发现先行词被such所修饰,故用特殊关系代词as。如果将like后加上宾语him,则从句成分完整,只填that即可,这时才是that引导的结果状语从句。

因此,要先分析从句成分,而不是一味依靠句意进行判断。同时牢记,定语从句中一定缺少成分,是不完整的,所缺少的成分正是由关系词来充当,而that只在定语从句中充当成分。what不能引导定语从句。

(二) 同位语从句

定语从句与先行词之间是修饰与被修饰、与被的关系,从句说明先行词的性质或特征,关系词(或先行词)在定语从句中必须充当相应的成分。而同位语从句中从句与其前面的名词之间是等同关系,进一步说明其具体内容,连接代词只能用that,而不能用which,且在从句中不充当任何成分。如:

The news that I heard over the radio was exciting. (定语从句, 先行词在从句中充当动词heard的宾语,说明news是从收音机里听到的)

The news that our football team won the match is exciting. (同位语从句, 说明news的具体内容)

典例

There is much truth in the idea kindness is usually served by frankness. 【解析】本题考查同位语从句。分析题干可知空格处引导同位语从句, 解释truth的内容, 从句结构和意义完整, 故用that引导。

第10讲 定语从句

【答案】that 状元提醒

同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明,引导词只起引导作用,不在句中作任何成分,一般不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、,引导词在句中作一定的句子成分。

The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(同位语从句,进一步解释news的内容)

The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(定语从句,修饰news)

(三)强调结构

判断句子结构是否是强调句型可用还原法,即将被强调的部分放在从句中相应的位置,不需要再添加任何词语句子就是正确的,即为强调句型结构。如:

It was at five o’clock that Tom came to see me yesterday afternoon. It was in the bookstore that I met your brother the other day. 典例

It was in the small house was built with stones by his father he spent his childhood.

【解析】 句意:他是在他父亲用石头建造的那座小房子里度过了他的童年。前一空中which/that引导一个定语从句, 修饰前面的house;后一空是一个强调句。判断句子是否为强调句,只要将强调句型中的It is/was, that/who去掉后句子意思完整, 这就是强调句型。

【答案】 which/that; that (四)并列结构

若句与句之间有并列连词and, but或分号、句号,则该结构为并列结构,若无则为定语从句。

Last night I took a taxi, and it took me straight home.

此时属于并列结构, 若将并列连词and去掉, it改为which, 则为非性定语从句。 Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didn’t help. 若将but去掉, it改为which,成为非性定语从句。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we expected.

考试状元

该处为which引导非性定语从句。 典例1

He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

【解析】该处为which引导的定语从句。若将逗号改为分号或句号, 或在most之前加并列连词and, 均需将which改为them。

【答案】which 典例2

There were many people waiting at the bus stop, some of looked very anxious and disappointed, but none of jumped the queue.

【解析】本题考查定语从句和并列句的区别。第一空为定语从句修饰先行词people,第二空由but可知为并列句,应用them。句意:许多人都在公共汽车站等, 一些人看起来很焦虑又很失望, 但是没有一个人插队。

【答案】whom; them 状元提醒

在英语中,有许多从句,如主语从句、同位语从句以及强调句型与定语从句有许多相似之处。因此,命题人会利用这些相似性,设置一个特定语境,来考查考生对这些易混点的辨析能力。遇到这样的问题,我们的思路就是:抓住它们各自的特征,结合语境去判断到底属于何种句型或从句。

达标诊断 以状元的方式，诊断纠错

单句语法填空

结合语境，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1. Many young people, most of ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

【答案】whom

【解析】句意：许多年轻人，大部分都受过良好的教育，到偏远地区追逐梦想。先行词是Many young people，所以用关系代词whom作介词of的宾语。

2. The research found that people ______ keep fit are more likely to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking.

第10讲 定语从句

【答案】who/that

【解析】句意：研究发现，保持健康的人更有可能大脑发达、记忆力好、思维敏捷。 分析句子结构可知，本句是含有定语从句的复合句。先行词是people，关系词在从句中作主语，所以填who/that。

3. Making mistakes is a natural part of the learning process ________ you can turn your errors into learning points.

【答案】where

【解析】句意：出错是学习过程的自然部分，你可以把你的错误编成学习要点。分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导定语从句并在从句中作地点状语，所以填where。

4. In autumn，________ the weather is often cool and fine, people living in the city always like climbing hills for outdoor activities to strengthen their health. 【答案】when

【解析】句意：在秋天，那时候天气经常是凉爽而又晴朗的，生活在城市里的人们总是喜欢将爬山作为户外活动来加强他们的健康。在定语从句中，先行词是autumn，句子结构完整，所以用关系副词来作状语，表示时间。

5. Nowadays, can we find a person _______ has not experienced online shopping?

【答案】who/that

【解析】句意：现在，我们还能找到没有网购经历的人吗？定语从句的先行词是a person，指人，所填的词引导定语从句并在句中作主语，所以填who/that。

6. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _____ a good impression is a must.

【答案】where

【解析】句意：这本书在我日常交流中有很大的帮助，尤其是在工作方面有一个好的印象是必需的。定语从句的先行词是at work，表示在工作方面，关系词在句中作地点状语，所以用where。

7. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work. 【答案】where

【解析】句意：该公司的老板试图创造轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为an easy atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故要用where。

考试状元

8. He worked in a car factory for four years，after _______ he founded his own company in his hometown.

【答案】which

【解析】句意：他在一家汽车公司里工作了四年，在那以后，他在他的家乡建立了他自己的公司。先行词是前面的整个句子，所以介词后跟关系代词which。

9. The stadium is very splendid and attractive in appearance，________may be imagined.

【答案】as

【解析】句意：正如想象的那样，体育馆从外表上看很壮丽，很吸引人。此时as指的是整个主句，在从句中担当主语，意为“正如”。

10. You may not control all the events ______ happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them. 【答案】that

【解析】句意：你不可能控制所有发生在你身上的事，但你能决定不被降低。当先行词中含有all时，定语从句引导用that。

11. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ________ uses it differently.

【答案】which

【解析】句意:英语是一种被好几种不同的文化都使用的语言, 而且每一种文化使用它的方式也不同。先行词是cultures, 且关系代词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语, 所以填which。 12. Flying kites，________ some researchers point out, can not only bring about joy to us, but also promote our physical and mental health. 【答案】as

【解析】句意: 正如一些研究人员指出的，放风筝不仅给我们带来快乐，而且促进我们的身心健康。这里是as引导非性定语从句，as指代主句的内容，且在定语从句中作宾语。 13. One day，mentally exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons ________ this problem could not be solved. 【答案】why

【解析】句意：一天，精疲力竭，我写下这个问题不能解决的所有原因。从句缺少原因状语，用why引导。

13. The lazy boy is expecting a way in ________ he can get through the exams without hard work.

【答案】which

第10讲 定语从句

【解析】句意：那个懒惰的孩子正在期盼有一种能让他不付出努力就能通过考试的方法。虽然先行词为way，但前面有介词in，只能用关系代词which。

14. The boss ________ company I worked in two years ago has much experience in solving such kind of problem.

【答案】whose

【解析】句意：两年前我工作的那个公司的老板在解决类似这种问题方面很有经验。先行词是the boss，company与the boss是所属关系，故用whose作company的定语。 15. Now their talks have reached a key stage ________ one side must give in to the other.

【答案】where

【解析】句意：目前谈判进入到有一方必须做出让步的阶段。先行词是stage，从句是完整的句子，先行词表示模糊的地点概念，在从句中作状语，所以填where。 16. We are hoping for support from Mr. Webster, without ________ support we can’t make it.

【答案】whose

【解析】句意：我们正寻求韦伯斯特先生的支持，没有他的支持，我们不能成功。先行词和support之间是所属关系，作其定语，所以用whose。

17. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _____ he should be able to be independent.

【答案】when

【解析】句意：作为他家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是向往他应该能够的时候。先行词是time，从句句子成分完整，所以从句中缺少时间状语，填when。

18. He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of _______ were published in the 1990s.

【答案】which

【解析】句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半是在二十世纪九十年代出版的。分析句子结构可知，本题是由“名词+介词+关系代词”引导的非性定语从句，由于先行词是books，所填的词在从句中作主语，所以用which。

19. Later I understood that the reason ________ she has no consideration for my feelings was that she also strictly requests to herself.

【答案】why

【解析】句意：后来我才明白，她之所以不讲情面，是由于她对人对己都严格要求。先

行词是reason，关系词在句中作原因状语，所以填why。

考试状元

20. Mary invited about 20 people to her birthday party, most of _______ are her friends.

【答案】whom

【解析】句意:玛丽邀请了大约20人参加她的生日聚会，绝大部分都是她的朋友。先行词是指人的名词，关系代词在介词后作宾语，所以填whom。