名词性从句（一）
●学而时习
在英文中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种句子成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语。如果把句子当作名词来用，分别充当另一句话的主语、宾语、表语或同位语，于是便构成了四种从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为这四种从句在本质上相当于名词的作用，所以将其统称为名词性从句。
● 知识点精讲透析
●考点一 引导名词性从句的引导词
类别 从属连词that 从属连词whether和if（是否） 词义 无任何词义 意为“是否”，表明从句意义的不确定性 在从句中的作用 仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分 起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分 起连接作用，并在从句中充当主、宾、表、定语等 起连接作用，并在从句中充当状语 关系代词who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whomever, whatever, 有各自自身的意义 whichever 关系副词when, where, why, how, 有各自自身的意义 however, whenever, wherever ●考点二 主语从句
1．作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如： Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
(1) It + be + 形容词（obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.）+ that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 可以肯定她会考得很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切告诉了她。
(2) It + be + 过去分词（said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.）+ that从句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到北京了。
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 已经定下来来了，会议推迟到了下周一。 (3) It + be + 名词词组（no wonder, an hour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.）+ that从句。如：
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It is no surprise that our team has won the game. 我们队赢了比赛并不惊奇。 It is a pity that you missed the wonderful concert. 遗憾的是你错过了精彩的音乐会。 (4) It + 不及物动词（seem，happen，occur，appear, follow, etc.） + that 从句 It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 他突然想到他考试不及格 It seems that he knows everything. 他好像什么都知道。 It happened that I had no money with me. 碰巧我没带钱。
From this witness it follows that he must be guilty. 根据该证人的证词判断，他一定有罪。
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：(1) It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … (2) It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
2、主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right. （7）What we need are good doctors.
小结: (1)引导主语从句连词有that, whether, who, whom, what, whatever等； (2)连词位于句首不能省略； (3) 主语从句大多数情况下视为单三,但也有例外,如例7。 过手训练
1. _____ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom
2. It was never clear ______ the man hadn't reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why
3. _____ as much as one-fifth of all timber harvested is not used.
A. The estimate B. The estimate C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that 4. _____ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. A. That B. Which C. Who D. What 5. _____ we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. However D. That
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●考点三 宾语从句 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分。例：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
that引导的宾语从句，在非正式场合that可以省略。在以下情况中that不能省略
(1)当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例： He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you. (2)当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例：
Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. (3)当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。例： I can’t tell him that his mother died.
注意事项：许多可以接复合宾语的动词之后，如think, made, consider等，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例：
We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation. 他应当改进他的发音，我们认为这是必要的。 注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. that从句一般不能充当介词宾语，偶尔可作except, but, in的宾语。如：
He is a good students except that he is a little bit careless. 他是个好学生，就是有点粗心。 He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把课余时间用在了读书上。
3. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例： I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
4. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if.
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a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 b. 引导表语从句时；
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? 现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？ c. 引导同位语从句时不用if。如：
He asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. 他问我这个问题，那项工作是否值得做。 d. 引导从句作介词宾语时；
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 e. 从句后有“or not”时；
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 f. 后接动词不定式时。例如：
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？ g. 少数动词, 如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. We’re discussing whether we’ll go on a picnic. 我们在讨论是否要去野餐。 h. 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
Please let me know whether you are busy. 请告诉我你是否忙。(若用if，还可理解为“如果你很忙，你就告诉我。) i. 宾语从句置于句首时不用if。如：
Whether you have met George before, I can’t remember. 我不记得你以前是否见过乔治。 j. 宾语从句是否定式时不用whether。如：
She asked me if Tom didn’t come. 她问我Tom是不是没有来。 5. 宾语从句的时态
1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车. 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试. He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。
The teacher told us light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光的速度比声音快。 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. 过手训练
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1. I don’t know ________ Mr. Green will come to see us. He’ll help us with our English． A． why B． when C． how D． where
2. —Be careful! Don’t break the bottles. Do you hear ______ I said? David? －－ Yes， Mum A. what B. that C. why D. if 3. ---Do you know _______ Mr. Black’s address is?
---He may live at NO.18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. I’m not sure of ______．
A. where, which B. where, what C. what, which D. what, where 4. There is not much difference between the two. I really don’t know _____．
A. what should I choose B. which I should choose C. which should I choose D. what I should choose
●巩固练习
1. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, _____ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. A. where B. what C. that D. how 2. ____ is not known yet.
A. When she has gone B. Where she has gone C. How did she leave D. Why did she go 3. ______ is unfit for the office.
A. It seems to me that B. It seems to me that he C. That seems he D. That seems to him that 4. _______man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun. A. Which B. How C. What D. That 5. _______ beat Xiao Wang black and blue is not known. A. Whom B.Whoever C.Who D.What
6.—What did you parents think about your decision? —They always let me do ________ I think I should． A. when B. that C. how D. what
7. Please remind me _________ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off．
A. where B. when C. how D. what 8. Mary wrote an article on _____ the team had failed to win the game． A. why B. what C. who D. that
9. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see________．（2000 上海） A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
10. ——We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time． ——What do you consider _______to her? A． was happening B． to happen C ．has happened D．happening ●课后盘点
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1. ______matters much ________ the headmaster supports our activity. A. It; whether B. What; whether C. As; that D. That; if
2. ________ is known to us all is that the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food. A. As B. It C. That D. What
3. ______ Premier Wen Jiabao visited the United States led to the closer relationship between the two countries. A. Which B. What C. That D. As
4. It is obvious to the students ________ they should get well prepared for their future. A. as B. which C. whether D. that
5. It is uncertain ________ side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it. A. that B. what C. how D. whether
6. The villagers have already known ______ we'll do is to rebuild the bridge. A. this B. that C. what D. which
7. It is still under discussion ________ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. A. whether B. when C. which D. where 8. I don’t know ___________or not．
A. whether he is at home B. if he is at home C. that he is at home D. whether is he at home 9. This depends on _________ the weather is fine．
A. which B. whether C. if D. that 10. The teacher asked the new student ________ class he was in． A. which B. where C. if D. that
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