深入挖掘考试说明之阅读理解部分［规律＋技巧总结］
每每我翻到考试说明的阅读理解例题解析时，我脑子里总不由想：
1.为什么作者解析得这么详细？［难道是我得了臆想症？］
2.作者是不是要通过解析告诉我们命题的特点和干扰项技巧？
所谓，项庄舞剑意在沛公。在每一篇解析前都有篇章理解，而且达半页的量。这不就是告诉我们如何快速读懂文章吗？都知道，阅读是真枪实弹地，没有平时积累的阅读量休想取得好分数。不练就降龙十八掌的硬功夫，迅即被拍死。（孙三五）
一、考试说明中的阅读解析告诉我们如何读懂文章和找题眼
找到好题眼，才能有效激发学生的思维，无论考试还是平时上课。就本篇而言，命题人的题眼找得好，这给我们考生一个启示：读文章，要第一时间把每个段落中心提出来。尤其是针对长难文章。我就发现考试说明中对这个特地用了三条（总共对阅读就7条要求）：理解语篇主旨要义；理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系；提炼文章提纲、概括主要内容、理解关键信息。］这对我们学生和老师都提出了一个比较高的要求：如果从纷繁复杂的信息中快速把握作者的中心意思。这可能也是信息时代的要求吧。
下面我来解读：
第一段首句：这一天是特殊的一天。……这是中心句。我们读者会自然问：为什么特殊呢？［对应第一题］
第二段首句：让我告诉你关于你的中国外婆的事情。我们读者会想到：外婆对她怎么了？
第三段首句：我被遗弃在孤儿院的台阶上或者其它地方。我们读者的心会跟着沉下来，因为这对于任何人来说都是很难接受的。我们会问：作者是不是很悲伤？为什么被遗弃？［对应第二题］
第四段就一句问话：这就更关键了，因为段落首句是疑问句的，必然承上启下，是中心。该句意思：他们想过我们存在过吗？我们应该能推测，下面必然说一种存在感或者归属感。读者想想，一个遗弃子，这是何等不幸！她必然会对自己的根在哪产生追问。这难道不是人之常情吗？［对应第三题］
第五段第一句：我被美国人收养。文章中有一句划线。从段落里的moody, impatient, burdened, teased, make fun of可以看出我在这个家过得很郁闷吧。
第六段第一句：我的人生的开头，我个人的历史等等都是迷失的。
第七段第一句：我有18年没有中国名字。这一段扫一眼，就是谈名字的。［笔者就经常被问到：你为什么取名三五啊？可见，对名字的来源提问也是自然的问题。对应第4题。］
第八段：就两句，和首段照应。
再具体看看六个题目：
第一个：为什么今天特殊？
第二个：我对被遗弃的感受如何？
第三个：划线句的意思
第四个：收养我的老外一家的生活如何？
第五个：为什么取名“少明”？
第六个：“你的生命比我完整”是何意？
命题人的题干技巧是：
针对中心命题
针对阅读中的自然疑问
遵守考纲要求［根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理；理解作者的观点、意图和态度。］
按照阅读的从前往后的顺序，问题焦点突出。
二、考试说明中的阅读透露如何去针对性解题
下面我们具体分析如何针对性解题
1. 文学类文章，要善于抓情感词。这篇文章比较好地体现了考纲中的“理解作者的观点、意图和态度”的要求。
I like to think that my mother—your grandmother-loved me and fought to raise me on her own，
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but that the daily struggle was too hard. Worn down by the demands of the new baby and perhaps the constant threat of starvation，she made the painful decision to give away her girl so that both of us might have a chance for a better life.
More likely，I was dropped at the orphanage(孤儿院)steps or somewhere else. I will probably never know the truth. Having a baby in her unmarried state would have brought shame on the family in China，so she probably kept my existence a secret. Once I was out of her life，it was as if I had never been born. And so you and your brother and I are the missing leaves on a family tree.
66. How does Mommy feel about her being given away?
A. It is bitter and disappointing.
B. It is painful but understandable.
C. She feels sorry but sympathetic.
D. She feels hurt and angry.
在我们看到这一段的时候，我们应该知道这一段描述的是作者幼年时期被遗弃的经历。阅读这样情节，我们脑子里会产生两个自然的疑问：Why? How?即：为什么被遗弃？她内心如何感受？无论命题人也好，还是考生也罢，对于这样充满感情的记叙文都要谨记这两个疑问。
上面一段说明的一层感情：母亲遗弃我是因为她实在无能为力抚养我，希望我被人收养有更好的未来。
下面一段的最后一句表明了作者对被遗弃的痛苦迷茫的表情：“missing leaves, never born”。
命题人能很好把两种感情融合在一起出题，这就脱离了常规的用一个形容词来概括人物感情的思路。再看干扰项的设置，都是部分正确，A错在“disappointing”, C错在“sympathetic”, D错在“angry”，但三个形容词都是读者想当然认为是对的，因为被遗弃自然很失望，气愤等。
总结：
（1）如果你是命题人，需要了解，记叙文的主人公的感情往往是复杂的，命题最好选一件能综合主人公各种感情的设题点。
（2）如果你是考生，需要抓住情感形容词，综合推测。
2. 词义和句意推测题，一定要遵循：先本句理解；然后上下文；最后看中心。
解释一下：我们不要过度解读句子，但也不要仅仅从字面理解。往往看划线所在句就能得出答案。如果不能，前后句。再不能，直接看本段中心讲了什么。［笔者在很多解题技巧中都谈到这个，专门命名这种技巧：夹心原则。］这条在考试说明中时这样说的：根据上下文提供的
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线索推测生词的词义。
Before I was two，I was adopted by an Anglo couple. Fed three square meals a day，I grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offer—books，music，education，church life and community activities. In a family of blue-eyed blonds，though, I stood out like a sore thumb. Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different，my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin，or made fun of my clumsy walk. Moody and impatient，burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need, I was not an easy child to love. My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years，but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents，and as women of strength in our own right. Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me，I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.
67. What does “I stood out like a sore thumb” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. I walked clumsily out of pains.
B. I was not easy to love due to jealousy.
C. I was impatient out of fear.
D. I looked different from others.
看所在句：In a family of blue-eyed blonds，though, I stood out like a sore thumb.，意思再明显不过了，前半句：在一家都是蓝眼睛的一家，而我就如同……。作者是中国人，他们都是美国人。这不就是D 答案吗？
如果还不能得出答案，看最后一句，作者说，我要寻求自己的身份。说到底本段就是一个身份的问题。
干扰项也很有意思，直接作者的具体行为来解释：走路难看；常生气嫉妒；没有耐心。这些不是为了说明划线句，而是解释两个句子：为什么我的哥哥们取笑我？我对自己的身份缺失的结果。
总结：
或许我们可以这样总结命题人的干扰项技巧：
把解释张三的理由放在李四上面
因果倒置。即：把结果当原因。
我不得不说，有时这很有杀伤力的，因为文章中都有这些说法，万一你时间不够，直接就根据原文是否出现来判断答案，那你就完了。
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这一段还有一个题目：
68. What can be inferred from Mommy’s Anglo family life?
A. She used to experience an identity crisis.
B. She fought against her American identity.
C. She forgot the pains of her early years.
D. She kept her love for Asia from childhood.
如果上面一题解决了，这一题不难了。直接根据中心，重点是最后两句，来解题即可。总之：一定要把作者本段到底说了什么看懂，一般首末句＋情感词的配合可以解决。
3.对主题句的设问，往往体现了简单的推理的原则，请记住：庐山真面目往往在最后一句。
直接对主题句设问，往往体现了作者的悬念，而悬念的解开，一般都是在最后。就说第一题，作者采用一种近似climax的修辞手法，即逐层推进法。女儿出生了——父亲大叫——梦想实现了——你不仅仅是第二个孩子，不仅仅是女孩——结论：你是家庭的母系传承。
再说第二段，我当时这样考虑的，是不是要设置个这样的问题：你的祖母为什么遗弃了你的妈妈？这说起来也是对主题句的提问，这也是可以的，例如：无力抚养；家人的不容。而且都能在最后体现出来。
笔者还有一些对模拟题阅读的思考，读者可以点击文末的链接。
附上原文：
August 1990,Boston
Dear Maya Shao-ming,
To me，June 6,1990 is a special day. My long-awaited dream came true the minute your father cried. “A girl！”You are more than just a second child，more than just a girl to match our boy. You，little daughter，are the link to our female line, the legacy of another woman’s pain and sacrifice 31 years ago.
Let me tell you about your Chinese grandmother. Somewhere in Hong Kong, in the late fifties，a young waitress found herself pregnant(怀孕)by a cook，probably a co-worker at her restaurant. She carried the baby to term, suffered to give it birth, and kept the little girl for the first three
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months of her life. I like to think that my mother—your grandmother-loved me and fought to raise me on her own，but that the daily struggle was too hard. Worn down by the demands of the new baby and perhaps the constant threat of starvation，she made the painful decision to give away her girl so that both of us might have a chance for a better life.
More likely，I was dropped at the orphanage(孤儿院)steps or somewhere else. I will probably never know the truth. Having a baby in her unmarried state would have brought shame on the family in China，so she probably kept my existence a secret. Once I was out of her life，it was as if I had never been born. And so you and your brother and I are the missing leaves on a family tree.
Do they ever wonder if we exist?
Before I was two，I was adopted by an Anglo couple. Fed three square meals a day，I grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offer—books，music，education，church life and community activities. In a family of blue-eyed blonds，though, I stood out like a sore thumb. Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different，my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin，or made fun of my clumsy walk. Moody and impatient，burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need, I was not an easy child to love. My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years，but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents，and as women of strength in our own right. Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me，I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.
But part of me will always be missing :my beginnings，my personal history，all the delicate details that give a person her origin. Nevertheless，someone gave me a luckily name “Siu Wai.” “Siu” means “little,” and “Wai” means “clever. ”Therefore，my baby name was“Clever little one. ”Who chose those words？Who cared enough to note my arrival in the world？
I lost my Chinese name for 18 years. It was Americanized for convenience to “Sue. ”But like an ill-fitting coat，it made me uncomfortable. I hated the name. But even more，I hated being Chinese. It took many years to become proud of my Asian origin and work up the courage to take back my birth-name. That，plus a little knowledge of classroom Cantonese，is all the Chinese culture I have to offer you. Not white，certainly， but not really Asian，I try to pave the way between the two worlds and bridge the gap for you. Your name,“Shao-ming,” is very much like mine—“Shao” means “little. ” And “ming” is “bright,” as in a shining sun or moon. Whose lives will you brighten，little Maya？Your past is more complete than mine，and each day I cradle you in your babyhood，generously giving you the loving care I lacked for my first two years. When I pat you，I comfort the lost baby inside me who still cries for her mother.
Sweet Maya，it doesn’t matter what you “become” later on. You have already fulfilled my wildest dreams.
I love you.
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Mommy
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