Knowledgeof civil engineering
【Abstract】
Withthe accelerated development of urbanization in recent years, civilengineering becomes increasingly important position in economicdevelopment. for In a college students majoring in civil engineering,to have a deep understanding of civil engineering is a must . Inthis paper, withthehistorical development of civil engineering and the main content ofthe civil engineering andtheimportant role, and for the future development prospects of civilengineering on myknowledgeof civil engineering.
【Keywords】
Thecontent of the civil engineering The development direction classification The main content
【introduction】
aroundtime past the blink, civil engineering professional English course ofstudy is over,Look back the short the four Weeks, through learningthis course, I am from Have the professional and industry in thefuture is in the further Know, at the same time also stimulatedinterest in civil engineering.That no matter from which Perspectiveare very significant. In the future Lesson to learn, We will be righthere On the basis of work harder to learn Xi. Below is I through thestudy of this course in civil engineering A little knowledge.
Thefuture development direction of civil engineering
1to the high altitude
Nowpolish Gabin227kHz artificial highest building is 646 m long steeltower, consists of 15 cordelle root steel anchor.Japan plans to builda 800.7 m high of one thousand in Tokyo tower, it is about 1.25 milesfrom the sea, will work, leisure, entertainment, business, shoppingand so on into the integration of seismic vertical cities, residentsof up to 50000 people.China proposed in Shanghai near 1.6 km wide,200 m deep on the island to build a 1250 m of the bionic tower,residents of 100000.India is also proposed to invested $5 billion tobuild super skyscrapers, its the earth 202 layers, up to 710 m.Willstill be visible in the 21st century high-rise building is animportant development direction of civil engineering.
2to the development of underground
Heldin Tokyo in 1991 the urban underground space of the internationalacademic conference passed the declaration of the east, proposed "the21st century is the century of human development and utilization ofunderground space".Construction of underground construction willeffectively improve urban congestion, saving energy and reducingnoise pollution, etc.Japan in the late 1950 s to 70 s, large-scaleexploitation and utilization of shallow underground space by the endof the 80 s have started to study 50 ~ 100 m deep underground spacedevelopment and utilization of the problem.
Thefuture urban underground space development mainly has the followingtrends:
(1)integration.Integration is the main trend of foreign undergroundspace development, the first is the emergence of underground complex,become a symbol of city modernization construction type one.Secondintegrated performance in underground pedestrian system andunderground rapid rail system, the combination of high-speed roadsystem, and the combination of underground complex and theunderground transport hub.Third comprehensive performance on theground, underground space function distinguished, and the coordinateddevelopment of combination mode.
(2)layering and deep.For comprehensive utilization of underground spaceresources, underground space development and gradually to the deepdevelopment.Art such as the United States at the university ofMinnesota and mineral engineering of underground building as many asseven layers, vancouver, Canada to build an underground garage up tothe 14th floor, with a total area of 72324 m2.
(3)the micro tunnel project will speed up development.Micro tunnel ispeople can't get into tunnel, in 25 -- 30 cm in diameter, and up to 2m.At the entrance of the tunnel surface is excavation and supportingwith the remote control.This method is rapid, accurate, economic andsecurity.So is appropriate under the high-rise building, under thehistorical and cultural monuments, expressway, subway and channel toinstall the pipe.
(4)the role of 3 S technology in underground space development would bestrengthened, 3 S GPS (global positioning satellite), RS (remotesensing) and GIS (geographic information system).
3to the sea to broaden
Inorder to prevent the airport noise influence on urban residents, alsoin order to save the use of land, on August 4, 2000, Osaka, Japan use1.8 billion cubic sea around 1000 m long kansai international airportflight a success.Capital, seven star hotel in dubai, united Arabemirates also
builtat sea, maritime city will be built in Honduras cruise ship, the shipwill be 804.5 m long, 228.6 m wide, with 28 floors, the ship isequipped with small jet runway, hospitals, hotels, supermarkets,restaurants, barber shops, casinos and so on.In recent years, ourcountry has made gratifying achievements in this field, such as theShanghai nanhui beach reclamation reclamation success, success andchongming dongtan has recently in the huangpu river, the bund, shoreengineering.Reclamation, Rio shore have similar engineering andconstruction of artificial islands, like Shanghai big coastal citiesfor the future construction of artificial islands have accumulatedexperience of science and technology and ready to power.
4March to desert
Aboutone-third of the land to desert, around the world each year about 6million hectares of arable land, erosion, this will affect hundredsof millions of people's life.The world future society on early in the21st century is one of the world's top ten engineering idea turnedinto desert oasis to west Asia and Africa.Desert must have waterfirst, and then to afforestation and sand.Now the Libyandesert area has built a large water pipe, and the in benghazi, builta diameter of 1 km, 16 kilometers deep reservoir irrigation to thedesert.In the absence of the desert areas of groundwater, theresearch and development on the international use of desert solardesalination feasible solution, onceimplemented, the scheme will start offshore the large-scaleconstruction engineering in desert areas.Desert test for the waterconveyance project success in our country, to build the first longdistance water conveyance project has been built across the desert,the Yellow River into the desertsmoothly.
5to space
Dueto the rapid development of modern astronomy, aerospace industry andthe successful implementation of human landing on the moon, it wasfound that the moon has a lot of ilmenite, under 800 ℃high temperature, ilmenite and hydride synthesis of iron, titaniumand oxygen and moisture, which can make human survival requiredoxygen and water.The government has decided to build a moon base onthe moon, and Mars by the base of action.Chinese-american coppercolumn, Dr. Lin in 1985 found that needed to build the concretematerials are on the moon, so it can be made of reinforced concreteparts assembly station on the moon.Since the 2050 s, is expected tospace commercialization, industrialization and space space travel,outer space humanization, etc may get bigger development.
Thedefinition of civil engineering：
Whatis a "civil engineering"?Civil engineering is to build allkinds of engineering facilities of science and technology of thetotal, according to which refers to the application of materials,equipment and conducted the survey, design, construction, maintenanceand other technical activities;Also refers to the object ofengineering construction, building on the ground or underground, onthe road or water, directly or indirectly for human life, production,military, scientific research services of all kinds of engineeringfacilities, such as houses, roads, railways, pipelines, tunnels,Bridges, canals, DAMS, ports, power stations, the offshore platform,water supply and drainage, and protective engineering, etc.
Theclassification of civil engineering
Tobuild a project facilities generally go through survey, design andconstruction of the three phase, need to use engineering geologicalsurvey and hydrogeological survey, engineering surveying, soilmechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, constructionmaterials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, buildingeconomic disciplines and knowledge in the field of constructiontechnology, construction organization, as well as the electroniccomputer and mechanical testing techniques.So wide in civilengineering is a comprehensive discipline.With the progress ofscience and technology and the development of engineering practice,the civil engineering discipline connotation also has developed intoa broad category, large, complex integrated system.
Civilengineering technology are mainly relies on the development ofengineering practice rather than relying on scientific experimentsand theoretical studies, for two reasons: one is some objectiveconditions are too complex, difficult to faithfully indoor experimentor field testing and theoretical analysis.Foundation, tunnel andunderground engineering, for example, the stress and deformationstate and its change with time, the engineering experience analysisjudgment still need reference.2 it is only for new engineeringpractice, to reveal new problems.Built high-rise buildings, forexample, high tower mast and long-span Bridges, engineering of windand earthquake resistant problem highlights, to develop this aspectof the new theory and technology. After the industrial revolution,especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society puts forwardnew demand to the civil engineering;On the other hand, social eachdomain to move forward to create a good condition of civilengineering.Therefore this period of civil engineering
getthe development by leaps and bounds.Have sprung up all over the worldof modern large-scale industrial buildings, skyscrapers, nuclearpower plants, highways and railways, long-span Bridges, largediameter pipeline long tunnels, the grand canal, big DAMS, airport,sea port and Marine engineering, etc.Modern civil engineeringconstantly create new material environment for human society, humansociety is an important part of modern civilization.
Constructionengineering
Refersto all kinds of construction of the building and affiliatedfacilities thereof and its supporting lines, pipes, equipmentinstallation activities of the project entity.There "buildings"refers to the top, the foundation of the beams, walls, and theability to form internal space, meet the production, living,learning, public events, such as need, including factory buildings,theatres, hotels, shops, schools, hospitals and residential,etc.;"Affiliated facilities" means and building towers,sheds, pool, etc."Lines, pipelines, equipment installation"refers to the building and affiliated facilities matching with theelectrical, water supply and drainage, communication, elevators andother lines, pipelines, equipment installation activities.
High-risebuildings rise from the United States in the first place.In Chicagoin 1883 built the first brick house since the bearing and steel frameinstitutions, building high 11 layers of insurance company.As thepopulation to concentrate in big cities, as urban land increasinglynervous and the invention and application of the elevator,breakthrough of the theory of structure, new materials unceasingly,began to appear a lot of tall buildings, and the construction scaleis more and more big, the building height is higher and higher.Builtin 1913 in New York City high 52 Woolworth building, built in 1913 inNew York City 102 floors, 381 meters of the Empire State Building.Butdespite the has adopted advanced steel frame structure and strengthof the steel reinforced concrete material, have yet to create andadapt to the new architectural type modelling form, modelling ideastill wandering in the middle ages people tall straight architecturalform, thus a new structure type package by traditional modellingform, structure and shape of begin.
Roadand bridge engineering
Roadand people's relations are very close, our side, at any time as youcan see, with all the city and the city, city and countryside,between country and country and inside are all linked together on theroad.In recent years, China's highway construction has obtained thegood result."15" the first three years, highwayconstruction investment as a share of GDP keep in 3.1 ~ 3.2%,
investmentgrew by an average of 17% a year.
Highwayconstruction in the following characteristics: the country more thanhalf of the province of more than 1000 km highway mileage.New roadmileage of 46000 kilometers, the total mileage of 1.81 millionkilometers;The new highway 4600 kilometers, nearly 30000 km highwaymileage.With jiang to sanya, Beijing to zhuhai, lianyungang tohuoerguos, four basic run-through trunk highway between Shanghai andchengdu.
Soas to realize the "five vertical and seven horizontal"trunk highway system in the first stage construction goals, namely"two vertical and two horizontal three important sections"full penetration.Since the 20th century, the world bridge has madeoutstanding achievements, all kinds of bridge, takahashi appeared,such as the large bridge over akashi channel in Japan (mainspan 1990meters), the Swiss Gunter bridge and so on.In recent years, ourcountry bridge project also entered a vigorous developmentperiod.Easter bunny has the nanjing Yangtze river bridge, the HongKong bailing gate bridge, the jiangyin bridge and runyang bridge,three single pylon single cable plane cable-stayed bridge county,state, etc.
Tunneland underground engineering
Intoday's world, human beings are low to the ground, sea and spacedevelopment.To the development of underground boil down to:underground resources development, energy development and undergroundspace development in three aspects.The use of underground space isalso by the use of "line" to "space" of largesection and large distance using the progress. The development andutilization of underground space in China began in the 60s.Construction of subway in Beijing in 1965.In the 70 s, built a lotof underground engineering in our country, a significant proportionof utilization, has been built for the underground street,underground mall, underground plants and storehouse.Since the 90 s,China's urban underground traffic and municipal facilities to speedup the speed of construction.Shanghai metro line 1, metro line 2 hasopened.Underground space development and utilization of the networksystem in China has started construction, within the earth's surfaceto - 30 m more shallow construction of underground engineering.Withthe development of economy, foreseeable underground engineering inour country will enter the booming period.
Modernunderground engineering is developing rapidly, all kinds of typicalengineering famous vastness.The world has hundreds of cities builtunderground railway.Some developed countries,
andgradually to underground mall, underground parking, undergroundrailway, and blends into underground pipelines, etc, become amultifunctional underground complex.
Railwayengineering
Railwayengineering originally included railway related civil (subgrade,rail, bridge, tunnel, station), mechanical (locomotive, vehicle) andthe signal and other projects.With the development of theconstruction and technology further division of labor, someengineering gradually formed an independent subject, such as thelocomotive, vehicle engineering, signal engineering;Others graduallyin their respective subject, such as bridge engineering, tunnelengineering.Now only narrowly refers to the word of railwayengineering, railway track railway line selection, roadbedengineering, railway station and hub.
Theexperience of civil engineering：
With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and economicrapid development, China will face a more large-scale constructionhigh tide.Said that we are facing a large civil engineering alongwith the national economic leap development of good times.And such afine development environment has been and will continue to eagerattention by western countries.As a cross-century generation, a goodsituation provides us with an unprecedented rare good opportunitywith the impact of their talents, to the international level.At thesame time, we also deeply feel that this is an "opportunity"and "challenge", "cooperation" and "competition","innovation" with "old" era, how to grasp thetrend of the development of civil engineering disciplines, createwith Chinese characteristics, has the international first-class levelof civil engineering disciplines in the new era, is a cross-centurygeneration of severe challenges to us.As a student majoring in civilengineering, I will in the future university in the learning process,try to grasp the basic specialized knowledge, to do a good job ofprofessional practice;At the same time actively learn otherprofessional knowledge, such as computer language and programmingskills, experimental materials and structure of the experiment, thebasic method of general structure experiment preliminary structuretesting skills, completes the technical practice, course design, inthe future study life, I will continue to improve their ability tostudy independently, actively improve the personal ability, toprepare for a job step into society.
Themain content of the civil engineering and the important role:
Civilengineering is the use of the art of the great natural resources forhuman benefit (London
royalcharters of the institution of civil engineers to clarify thedefinition of) it includes construction engineering, bridgeengineering, underground engineering, road and railway engineering,port, Marine and environmental engineering, water supply anddrainage, disaster prevention and mitigation and many othercontent.Civil engineering involves the content can be is closelyrelated to life.Industry, agriculture, transportation, communication,education and other undertakings, is inseparable from the civilengineering.Such as factories, mines, railways, highways, Bridges,shops, homes, hospitals, schools, such as irrigation and waterconservancy project construction, generally referred to as the basicconstruction of "place" is civil engineering.Civilengineering directly with the people of the "food, clothing,shelter, line" are closely related, is one of the oldestsubjects, but it is accompanied by the development of other relateddisciplines, deepening the needs of economic construction and socialprogress, continue to expand.
【Conclusion】
Civilengineering is a broad discipline, its various infrastructure andsocial contact.Civil engineering level and importance of the first isthat it is the country's basic industries and pillar industries, isthe development and an imporant platform of our country's laborresources, since it in big and lead the industry, to the ebb and flowof the national economy plays a decisive role.Human life and survivaldependence on civil engineering, make it a strong vitality ofdiscipline, with the progress of technology and the development ofThe Times show vitality in civil engineering.In civil engineeringmore and more important today, efforts to learn professionalknowledge, actively participate in urban construction of civilengineering is we these college students own now.Civil engineering isrooted in practice, only more involved in practice, the professionalknowledge of civil engineering can be effectively learn andconsolidate.So, in the future work of learning, I will learnprofessional knowledge, take an active part in practice, to make goodprogress, for our country construction efforts.
【References】
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